The answer to this question you are asking is the letter ( c)
Your textbook. It is a second hand account.
https://socratic.org/questions/how-were-the-west-african-kingdoms-involved-in-the-slave-trade
With the development of the trans-Saharan slave trade and the economies of gold in the western Sahel, a number of the major states became organized around the slave trade, including the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire. However, other communities in West Africa largely resisted the slave trade.
The transatlantic slave trade began during the 15th century when Portugal, and subsequently other European kingdoms, were finally able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the west coast of Africa and to take those they enslaved back to Europe
The life of a slave was often as unbearable as a life can be. They could not be sure they will not be killed at any instant, without a warning, or tortured, or even forced to torture others.
Some slaves probably favoured death to their fate, and felt that even a slight chance at improvement was worth the risk. Perhaps they hoped they would be either killed or freed, and not tortured, and perhaps they would be tortured anyway by their cruel masters, In a way, for many escape was they only option that offered any sort of hope for a bearable life for them.
Answer:
Reevaluation of beliefs and as a result the loss of authority of the Holy Empire. the long term effects were: the emergence of new heretical movements, the declining of papcy.
