Start with Unbalanced Equation and balance it, so...
C7H16+O2--->CO2+H2O
There are 7 C atoms on the left-hand side, so we need 7 C atoms on the right-hand side. Add a 7 in front of the CO2...7CO2+H2O on right side now.
We have fixed 16 H atoms on the left-hand side, so we need 16 H atoms on the right-hand side. Add an 8 in front of H2O to make 16 (8x2)...7CO2+8H2O on right side now.
There are 22 O atoms on the right-hand side: 14 from the CO2 and 8 from the H2O. Add an 11 in front of the O2 on the left side to make 22 (11x2).
Every formula now has a fixed coefficient. You should have a balanced equation of...
C7H16+11O2--->7CO2+8H2O
The average the natural abundances of the various isotopes of carbon to arrive at the fractional mass.
Answer:
Thomson--atoms cotain electron
Ernest Rutherford--atoms have a positive nucleus
R.A Millikan--electrons have Q=-1
Dalton--atoms are indivisible
