Answers and Explanation:
a)- The chemical equation for the corresponden equilibrium of Ka1 is:
2. HNO2(aq)⇌H+(aq)+NO−2
Because Ka1 correspond to a dissociation equilibrium. Nitrous acid (HNO₂) losses a proton (H⁺) and gives the monovalent anion NO₂⁻.
b)- The relation between Ka and the free energy change (ΔG) is given by the following equation:
ΔG= ΔGº + RT ln Q
Where T is the temperature (T= 25ºc= 298 K) and R is the gases constant (8.314 J/K.mol)
At the equilibrium: ΔG=0 and Q= Ka. So, we can calculate ΔGº by introducing the value of Ka:
⇒ 0 = ΔGº + RT ln Ka
ΔGº= - RT ln Ka
ΔGº= -8.314 J/K.mol x 298 K x ln (4.5 10⁻⁴)
ΔGº= 19092.8 J/mol
c)- According to the previous demonstation, at equilibrium ΔG= 0.
d)- In a non-equilibrium condition, we have Q which is calculated with the concentrations of products and reactions in a non equilibrium state:
ΔG= ΔGº + RT ln Q
Q= ((H⁺) (NO₂⁻))/(HNO₂)
Q= ( (5.9 10⁻² M) x (6.7 10⁻⁴ M) ) / (0.21 M)
Q= 1.88 10⁻⁴
We know that ΔGº= 19092.8 J/mol, so:
ΔG= ΔGº + RT ln Q
ΔG= 19092.8 J/mol + (8.314 J/K.mol x 298 K x ln (1.88 10⁻⁴)
ΔG= -2162.4 J/mol
Notice that ΔG<0, so the process is spontaneous in that direction.
Starting from the radon mass, add the mass of the electron, and subtract the mass attributable to the gamma radiation <u>(931 Mev = 1 amu).</u>
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<h3>
What is gamma radiation?</h3>
Gamma radiation (gamma rays) refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with the most energy and shortest wavelength. Astrophysicists define gamma radiation as any radiation with an energy above 100 keV. Physicists define gamma radiation as high-energy photons released by nuclear decay.
Using the broader definition of gamma radiation, gamma rays are released by sources including gamma decay, lightning, solar flares, matter-antimatter annihilation, the interaction between cosmic rays and matter, and many astronomical sources. Gamma radiation was discovered by Paul Villard in 1900.
Gamma radiation is used to study the universe, treat gemstones, scan containers, sterilize foods and equipment, diagnose medical conditions, and treat some forms of cancer.
Learn more about gamma radiation
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The boiling point of water at 1 atm is 100 degrees celsius. However, when water is added with another substance the boiling point of it rises than when it is still a pure solvent. This called boiling point elevation, a colligative property. The equation for the boiling point elevation is expressed as the product of the ebullioscopic constant (0.52 degrees celsius / m) for water), the vant hoff factor and the concentration of solute (in terms of molality).
ΔT(CaCl2) = i x K x m = 3 x 0.52 x 0.25 = 0.39 °C
<span> ΔT(Sucrose) = 1 x 0.52 x 0.75 = 0.39 </span>°C<span>
</span><span> ΔT(Ethylene glycol) = 1 x 0.52 x 1 = 0.52 </span>°C<span>
</span><span> ΔT(CaCl2) = 3 x 0.52 x 0.50 = 0.78 </span>°C<span>
</span><span> ΔT(NaCl) = 2 x 0.52 x 0.25 = 0.26 </span>°C<span>
</span>
Thus, from the calculated values, we see that 0.75 mol sucrose dissolved on 1 kg water has the same boiling point with 0.25 mol CaCl2 dissolved in 1 kg water.
The first practical incandescent light bulb<span>. </span>Edison<span> and his team of researchers in </span>Edison's<span> laboratory in Menlo Park, N.J., tested more than 3,000 designs for </span>bulbs<span> between 1878 and 1880. In November 1879, </span>Edison<span> filed a patent for an electric </span>lamp<span> with a carbon filament.</span>
