Write and balance the half-reaction for the oxidation of white phosphorous P4 to the phosphate ion PO3^−4 in a basic solution.

1 answer:

3 0

Since the half-reaction is occurring in a basic solution, add 32OH− to each side of the equation to eliminate the H+ ions.

P₄ +16H₂O + 32OH⁻ ⟶ 4PO₃⁻⁴ + 32H⁺ +32OH⁻

Final reaction :

P₄ + 32OH⁻ ⟶ 4PO₃⁻⁴ + 16H₂O + 20e⁻

A half reaction is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. A half reaction is obtained by considering the change in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the redox reaction.

The concept of half-reactions is used to describe what occurs in an electrochemical cell, such as a Galvanic cell battery. Half-reactions can be written to describe both the metal undergoing oxidation (known as the anode) and the metal undergoing reduction (known as the cathode).

Half-reactions are often used as a method of balancing redox reactions. For oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic conditions, after balancing the atoms and oxidation numbers, one will need to add H+ ions to balance the hydrogen ions in the half reaction.

For oxidation-reduction reactions in basic conditions, after balancing the atoms and oxidation numbers, first treat it as an acidic solution and then add OH- ions to balance the H+ ions in the half reactions (which would give H2O).

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Give the structure that corresponds to the following molecular formula and 1H NMR spectrum: C4H10O2: δ 1.36 (3H, d, J = 5.5 Hz);

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Answer:

For the determination of a structure through its NMR it is necessary to know its molecular formula as well as the delta values, its coupling and the shift of each signal.

The separation produced is called coupling constant J and is measured in Hz. If the split is produced by two equal protons (equal J) a triple signal known as triplet is produced and if produced by three equal protons, the signal is quadruple and is known as quadruplet. The magnitude of the coupling is varied, depending on the relative disposition of the coupled protons (elevations that separate them, arrangement, spatial arrangement)

OH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH

(A) (B) (C)

1,4-butanediol

In the case of the molecule to study the signal at 1.36 shows a doublet, which corresponds to the hydrogen (C), is split in two for each different proton on the same carbon or on neighboring carbons.

At 3.32 ocurrs a singlet, wich belong to hidrogen (B). The last signal is a quintet, at 4.63 belonging to the hydrogen (C)

Explanation

Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR is a physical phenomenon based on the mechanical-quantum properties of atomic nuclei. NMR also refers to the family of scientific methods that explore this phenomenon to study molecules, macromolecules, as well as tissues and whole organisms.

NMR takes advantage of the fact that atomic nuclei resonate at a frequency directly proportional to the force of a magnetic field exerted, in accordance with the Larmor precession frequency equation, to subsequently disturb this alignment with the use of an alternating magnetic field, of orthogonal orientation.

The behavior of the nuclei in the magnetic field can be influenced in multiple ways, to give different types of information, but the basic information obtained is: