The main body of law governing collective bargaining is the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). It is also referred to as the Wagner Act. It explicitly grants employees the right to collectively bargain and join trade unions. The NLRA was originally enacted by Congress in 1935 under its power to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. It applies to most private non-agricultural employees and employers engaged in some aspect of interstate commerce. Decisions and regulations of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which was established by the NLRA, greatly supplement and define the provisions of the act.
The NLRA establishes procedures for the selection of a labor organization to represent a unit of employees in collective bargaining. The act prohibits employers from interfering with this selection. The NLRA requires the employer to bargain with the appointed representative of its employees. It does not require either side to agree to a proposal or make concessions but does establish procedural guidelines on good faith bargaining. Proposals which would violate the NLRA or other laws may not be subject to collective bargaining. The NLRA also establishes regulations on what tactics (e.g. strikes, lock-outs, picketing) each side may employ to further their bargaining objectives.
State laws further regulate collective bargaining and make collective agreements enforceable under state law. They may also provide guidelines for those employers and employees not covered by the NLRA, such as agricultural laborers.
Answer: The correct answer is (A) : Positive upward slope.
Explanation: A demand curve is basically a graph like any other with the variables in potted on both the x-axis (left to right) and the y-axis (top to bottom). Understanding the definition of demand would make it easier to understand why the answer is option A and why the demand curve has a negative downward slope.
Demand can be defined as the quantity of a commodity or service that a consumer is willing and able to buy at a given price and at a particular point in time. And the law of demand states that “other factors being held constant, the higher the price of a commodity, the lower the quantity being demanded by the consumer. And the lower the price of a commodity, the higher the quantity being demanded by a consumer.”
This is simply a rational consumer behavior. So if the price of movie tickets were to go up let’s say from $10 to $15 then a consumer who previously could afford to watch 8 movies in a month (that’s $80) would be having second thoughts and so, rather than spend $120 per month on movie tickets, would be more inclined to watch less movies and stay within his/her $80 budget.
Therefore, on the demand curve, as the price of movie tickets moves positively towards the right side (on the x-axis), the quantity demanded would move negatively downwards (on the y-axis). As one variable increases the other one decreases, and vice versa. That explains why the demand curve has a negative downward slope.
Answer:
b. set by market supply and demand.
Explanation:
A perfect competition is characterised by many buyers and sellers of homogenous goods and services. Because goods are homogenous and there are many buyers in the industry, sellers do not set the price for their goods and services. Prices are set by the market forces of demand and supply. This makes sellers price takers.
Other features of perfect competition are :
1. No barriers to entry or exit of firms
2. Firms make zero economic profit in the long run.
I hope my answer helps you.
Some of the key environmental variables are market fluctuations, changes in government policy, inflation, and technology and economical factors. The impact of these changes on the HRM function may either be positive or negative depending on the type of changes.
The HRM function cannot perform its duty in a vacuum. There are a number of environmental factors that affect HRM. The factors that are of primary importance that affect working are economic conditions, labor markets, laws and regulations, and labor unions. Other factors may be the political changes and the environmental changes that take place.
The environmental variables can be broadly divided into technological, cultural, political, social, and legal factors. While these external factors' influences are often outside the HRM's control the HRM is required to address their effect on the organization and its goals. Some of the other factors can be ethical and global factors.
Learn more about key environmental variables here:
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