Answer:
producing colored sparks in fireworks and rusting in the presence of water and oxygen
Explanation:
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<span>The </span>abundance of a chemical element<span> is a measure of the </span>occurrence<span> of the </span>element<span> relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by the </span>mass-fraction<span> (the same as weight fraction); by the </span>mole-fraction<span> (fraction of atoms by numerical count, or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases); or by the </span>volume-fraction<span>. Volume-fraction is a common abundance measure in mixed gases such as planetary atmospheres, and is similar in value to molecular mole-fraction for gas mixtures at relatively low densities and pressures, and </span>ideal gas<span> mixtures. Most abundance values in this article are given as mass-fractions.
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The heat/enthalpy of vaporization of water represents the energy input required to convert one mole of water into vapor at a constant temperature. Intermolecular forces including hydrogen bondings of significant strength hold water molecules in place under its liquid state. Whereas the molecules experience almost no intermolecular interactions under the gaseous state- consider the way noble gases molecules interact. It is thus necessary to supply sufficient energy to overcome all intermolecular interactions present in the substance under its liquid state to convert the substance into a gas. The heat of vaporization is thus related to the strength of the intermolecular interactions.
Water molecules contain hydrogen atoms bonded directly to oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative and take major control of electrons in hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Hydrogen atoms in water molecules thus experience a strong partial-positive charge and would attract lone pairs of electron on neighboring water molecules. "Hydrogen bonds" refer to the attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative elements and lone pairs of electrons. The hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water molecules are so polarized that hydrogen bonds in water are stronger than both dipole-dipole interactions and London Dispersion Forces in most other molecules. It thus take high amounts of energy to separate water molecules sufficiently apart such that they no longer experience intermolecular interactions and behave collectively like a gas. As a result, water has one of the highest heat of vaporization among covalent molecules of similar sizes.
Answer:
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing.
Explanation:
