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marin [14]
3 years ago
9

Explain how hydrogen bonding contributes to water's high heat of vaporization

Chemistry
1 answer:
pashok25 [27]3 years ago
4 0

The heat/enthalpy of vaporization of water represents the energy input required to convert one mole of water into vapor at a constant temperature. Intermolecular forces including hydrogen bondings of significant strength hold water molecules in place under its liquid state. Whereas the molecules experience almost no intermolecular interactions under the gaseous state- consider the way noble gases molecules interact. It is thus necessary to supply sufficient energy to overcome all intermolecular interactions present in the substance under its liquid state to convert the substance into a gas. The heat of vaporization is thus related to the strength of the intermolecular interactions.

Water molecules contain hydrogen atoms bonded directly to oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative and take major control of electrons in hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Hydrogen atoms in water molecules thus experience a strong partial-positive charge and would attract lone pairs of electron on neighboring water molecules. "Hydrogen bonds" refer to the attraction between hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative elements and lone pairs of electrons. The hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water molecules are so polarized that hydrogen bonds in water are stronger than both dipole-dipole interactions and London Dispersion Forces in most other molecules. It thus take high amounts of energy to separate water molecules sufficiently apart such that they no longer experience intermolecular interactions and behave collectively like a gas. As a result, water has one of the highest heat of vaporization among covalent molecules of similar sizes.

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How many are molecules ( or formula) in each sample?
andre [41]

Answer:

  • 4.010 \times 10^{25} \text { molecules of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3} \text { present in } 55.93 \mathrm{kg} \text { of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}
  • 16.86 \times 10^{26} \text { molecules of } \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4} \text { present in } 459 \mathrm{kg}\left(4.59 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{gm}\right) \text { of } \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}

<u>Explanation</u>:

<u>Number of molecules for 55.93 \mathrm{kg} \text { of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}</u>

\text { Firstly molar mass is calculated of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}:

Atomic mass of Na + H + C + 3(O)  = 22.99 + 1.008 + 12.01 + 3 × 16.00 = 84.00 g/mol

\text { Number of molecules of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3} \text { in } 55.93 \text { kg are as follows: }

55.93 \times\left(10^{3} \mathrm{gm}\right) \times \frac{1 \mathrm{mol} \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}}{84.00 \mathrm{gm} \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}} \times\left(6.022 \times 10^{23} \mathrm{molecules} \text { i.e Avogadro number }\right)

=4.010 \times 10^{26} \text { molecules of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3} \text { present in } 55.93 \mathrm{kg} \text { of } \mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}

<u>Number of molecules for for \left(4.59 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{gm}\right) \text { of } \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}</u>

\text { Firstly molar mass is calculated of } \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}

= Atomic mass of 3(Na) + P + 4(O)

= 3(22.99) + 30.97 + 4(16.00) = 163.94 g/mol

459 \times\left(10^{3} \mathrm{gm}\right) \times \frac{1 \mathrm{mol} N a_{3} P O_{4}}{163.94 \mathrm{gm} N a_{3} P O_{4}} \times\left(6.022 \times 10^{23} \mathrm{molecules} \text { i.e Avogadro number) } / 1 \mathrm{mol}\right.

=16.86 \times 10^{26} \text { molecules of } \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4} \text { present in } 459 \mathrm{kg}\left(4.59 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{gm}\right) \text { of } \mathrm{Na}_{3} \mathrm{PO}_{4}

8 0
3 years ago
At the equivalence point of a titration of the [H+] concentration is equal to:
icang [17]

B. At the equivalence point of a titration of the [H+] concentration is equal to 7.

<h3>What is equivalence point of a titration?</h3>

The equivalence point of a titration is a point in titration at which the amount of titrant added is just enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution.

At the equivalence point in an acid-base titration, moles of base equals moles of acid and the solution only contains salt and water.

At the equivalence point, equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions combines as shown below;

H⁺ + OH⁻  → H₂O

The pH of resulting solution is 7.0 (neutral).

Thus, the pH at the equivalence point for this titration will always be 7.0.

Learn more about equivalence point here: brainly.com/question/23502649

#SPJ1

5 0
1 year ago
If an element has 2+ valence electrons, does it transfer only one or more than one valence electrons​
just olya [345]

Answer:

element having 2+ valence electrons can transfer its more than one electron that is 2 electron completely.

Explanation:

  • Group IIA have 2+ valency and two electrons in its valance shell.
  • Its Electropositivity is  high and have the tendency to donate it two electrons.
  • Element  of IIA form ionic with most electronegative element.

Examples:

Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺ are examples having  2+ valance electron

one of the following is examples of element that have 2+ valence electrons

MgCl₂

Atomic number of Magnesium (Mg) is 12

Electronic Configuration of Mg:

1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s²

or

K =2

L = 8

M = 2

So, it have to give its 2 electrons to form a stable compound.

Similarly

Chlorine atomic number is 17

Electronic Configuration of Chlorine:

1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁵

or

K =2

L = 8

M = 7

So, it have to gain one electrons to form a stable compound and complete its octet.

So,

Two chlorine atom as a molecule gain 2 electrons from Mg²⁺ atom

So one Mg²⁺ and 2 Cl⁻ atoms form an ionic bond

where in this ionic bond Mg²⁺ transfer its 2 valence electron completely and chlorine molecule accept 2 electrons.

                 Cl-----Mg------Cl

So the Answer is

element having 2+ valence electrons can transfer its more than one electron that is 2 electron completely.

8 0
2 years ago
Write in scientific form<br> 0.00580 → <br><br> 3000 → <br><br> 0.000908 → <br><br> 200. →
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer:

Explanation:

0.00580=5.8*10^-3

3000=3.0*10^3

0.000908=9.08*10^-4

200.=2.0*10^2

6 0
3 years ago
Will mark BRAINLIEST
likoan [24]

Answer:

A and D

Explanation:

4 0
3 years ago
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