By convention, the symbol Z is assigned to the number of protons in the nucleus, or simply, the atomic number of an element. This is actually used when you want to determine the effective nuclear charge of a specific electron of an element. The equation is:
Z* = Z - S
where
Z* is the effective nuclear charge
Z is the atomic number
S is the number of electrons between the electron in question and the nucleus
There is due to a phenomenon called the shielding effect. This effect states that the farther the electron is from the nucleus, the lesser is its pull of force to the nucleus. That is the reason why the valence electrons (outermost electrons) are the ones always involved in chemicals reactions. Because they are not that strongly bonded to the nucleus of an atom.
Protons in science is positive
Answer:
1. Changing Beam Material
2. Corrugation
3. Changing Beam form
4. Steel Reinforcing Bars
Explanation:
Changing Beam Material
Some materials are stronger when used in beams than others. Beams made of steel for instance are stronger than beams made of wood. Therefore changing material can improve the strength of the beam. It is quite important to take into account the weights of the material though as different structures have different requirements.
Corrugation.
You can fold the beam into triangular shapes to increase strength. If you look at roofs you will notice that they are folded and this increased their strength. The same logic can be applied to beams.
Changing Beam Form
Another way to make Beams stronger is to change their form or rather their shape. Straight beams are not as strong as I-beams for instance. I-beams look like the capital letter I with the lines at both ends. I-beams are usually used in construction which shows that they are quite strong.
Steel Reinforcing Bars
When placed in concrete beams, Steel Reinforcing Bars which are also called Rebar can help strengthen a beam by helping it withstand the forces of tension. A concrete beam with Rebar inside it is known as Reinforced Concrete.
Marie Curie discovered polonium and radium. Hope this helps:))) Please, mark Brainliest!
Answer:
Endothermic hope that helps
Explanation:
