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raketka [301]
3 years ago
9

When an atom forms a positive ion (by losing electrons). Will the radius of an ion change from the radius of an atom? Explain wi

th the example of Sodium atom (Atomic no. 11) and Sodium ion.
Chemistry
1 answer:
Colt1911 [192]3 years ago
8 0

Radius of the positive ion will be smaller than the radius of its parent atom.

<h3>Explanation</h3>

Sodium Na has atomic number 11. A neutral Na atom has 11 electrons. It has

  • 2 electrons in the first main shell,
  • 8 electrons in the second main shell, and
  • 1 electron in the third main shell.

Na tends to lose one electron. It would form an Na⁺ ion. The ion is positive and has ten electrons. It has

  • 2 electrons in the first main shell, and
  • 8 electrons in the second main shell.

Three of the main shells of Na contain electrons. Only two main shells contain electrons in Na⁺. The energy of the second main shell is higher than the first. It is more distant from the nucleus than the first electron shell. Similarly, the third main shell is further away from the nucleus than the second.

The outermost shell in Na is the third main shell. The outermost shell in Na⁺ is the second main shell. As a result, the outermost electrons in Na are further away from the nucleus that electrons in Na⁺. As a result, the radius of Na appears to be larger than that of Na⁺.

When an atom loses electrons to form a positive cation, it tends to lose all electron in its outermost shell (the valence shell). That will give the ion an octet, which is more stable than having one or two electrons left in the valence shell. The rule on Na shall still apply. The positive ion will have one less main shell; its radius shall be smaller than that of the parent atom.

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According the the arrhenius theory, which species does an acid produce in an aqueous solution?
4vir4ik [10]
Note: Above question is incomplete: Complete question is read as 
<span>According the the arrhenius theory, which species does an acid produce in an aqueous solution?
</span>A) hydrogen ions B) hydroxyl ions C) Sodium ions D) Chloride ion
.....................................................................................................................
Correct answer for above question is A) Hydrogen ions

Reason:
According the Arrhenius theory of acid and base, acid generates hydrogen ions in aqueous medium, while bases generates hydroxyl ions in aqueous medium.  
Example of Acid:
HCl(aq)          →          H+(aq)    + Cl-(aq)

Example of Base:
NaOH(aq)           →          Na+(aq)       +     OH-(aq)


6 0
3 years ago
Hydroxyl radicals react with and eliminate many atmospheric pollutants. However, the hydroxyl radical does not clean up everythi
Nesterboy [21]

Answer:

ΔHreaction = 263.15 kJ/mol

Explanation:

The reaction is as follow:

OH + CF₂Cl₂ → HOF + CFCl₂

You need to calculate the enthalpy of reaction and for this it is necessary to know the standard enthalpies for each of the compounds. These enthalpies are as follows and can be found in your textbook or on the Internet.

ΔHreaction = ∑ΔHproducts - ∑ΔHreactants

delta(H)_{reaction} =((1*(-97.8)+(1*(-92))-((1*39)+(1*(-491.15))=263.15kJ/mol

7 0
3 years ago
When 3.93 grams of lactic acid, CHoOs(s), are burned in a bomb
aliya0001 [1]

The heat released in the combustion of lactic acid is absorbed by the

calorimeter and in the decomposition of the lactic acid.

ΔH°f of lactic acid is approximately <u>-716.2 kJ</u>

Reasons:

Known parameters are;

Mass of the lactic acid = 3.93 grams

Heat  capacity of the bomb calorimeter = 10.80 kJ·K⁻¹

Change in temperature of the calorimeter, ΔT = 5.34 K

ΔHrxn = ΔErxn

ΔH°f of H₂O(l) = -285.8 kJ·mol⁻¹

ΔH°f of CO₂(g) = -393.5 kJ·mol⁻¹

The chemical equation for the reaction is presented as follows;

  • C₃H₆O₃ + 2O₂ → 3CO₂ + 3H₂O

The heat of the reaction = 10.80 kJ·K⁻¹ × 5.34 K = 57.672 kJ

Molar mass of C₃H₆O₃ = 90.07 g/mol

Number of moles of C₃H₆O₃ = \dfrac{3.93 \, g}{90.07 \, g/mol} = 0.043633 moles

Number of moles of CO₂ produced = 3 × 0.043633 moles = 0.130899 moles

Heat produced = 0.130899 mole × -285.8 kJ·mol⁻¹ = -37.4109342 kJ

Moles of H₂O produced = 0.130899 moles

Heat produced = 0.130899 mole × -393.5 ≈ -51.51 kJ

Therefore, we have;

Heat absorbed by the lactic acid = ΔH°f of H₂O + ΔH°f of CO₂ + Heat absorbed by the calorimeter

Which gives;

Heat absorbed by lactic acid  = -37.4109342 kJ - 51.51 kJ + 57.672 kJ ≈ -31.249 kJ

The heat absorbed by the lactic acid ≈ -31.249 kJ

  • \Delta H^{\circ}f \ of \ C_3H_6O_3 = \dfrac{-31.249}{0.043633} \approx  -716.2

ΔH°f of C₃H₆O₃ ≈ -716.2 kJ

Heat of formation of lactic acid ≈ <u>-716.2 kJ</u>.

Learn more here:

brainly.com/question/13185938

5 0
2 years ago
Which term refers to an electrochemical cell that uses a spontaneous redox reaction to produce an electric current?
umka21 [38]

Answer:

voltaic cell

Explanation:

3 0
3 years ago
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An atom of sodium-23 (Na-23) has a net charge of +1. Identify the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom. Then,
kolezko [41]

Answer:

Number of proton is 11

Number of neutrons is 12

Number of electrons is 10

Explanation:

For a neutral Na, Sodium atom:

The mass number P+N = 23

Atomic number(E or P) = 11

A charged Na atom that has lost an electron is positively charged and so:

Number of proton = 11 (Still the same)

Number of neutrons = 12

Number of electrons = 11-1=10 (the atom has lost an electron)

If an atom loses electron, it becomes positively charged ie P>E

7 0
3 years ago
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