Answer:
Nutrients are grouped into macronutrients and micronutrients. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and water are macronutrients, and vitamins and minerals are micronutrients. Although most foods are mixtures of nutrients, many of them contain a lot of one nutrient and a little of the other nutrients.There are six major nutrients: Carbohydrates (CHO), Lipids (fats), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water.
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Answer:
In the light-dependent reaction, which occurs in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE of the chloroplast, energy from SUNLIGHT is used to breakdown WATER to release electrons in order to synthesize ATP and NADPH from ADP and NADP+. In a nutshell, the processes involved in this stage are Electron transport chain, photosystem I, photosystem II, and ATP synthase.
- In the light-independent stage, also called CALVIN CYCLE, the ATP, NADPH, and CO2 are used as reactants to synthesize SUGAR (glucose), NADP+ and ADP (which goes back to the first stage) as products.
Explanation:
In the light-dependent reaction, which occurs in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE of the chloroplast, energy from SUNLIGHT is used to breakdown WATER to release electrons in order to synthesize ATP and NADPH from ADP and NADP+. In a nutshell, the processes involved in this stage are Electron transport chain, photosystem I, photosystem II, and ATP synthase.
- In the light-independent stage, also called CALVIN CYCLE, the ATP, NADPH, and CO2 are used as reactants to synthesize SUGAR (glucose), NADP+ and ADP (which goes back to the first stage) as products.
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<h2>Diffuse co-evolution </h2>
Explanation:
The term ‘diffuse co-evolution’ was given by Janzen in 1980 to describe the idea that selection on traits often reflects the actions of many community members, as opposed to pairwise interactions between species
The idea was further clarified by Gould in 1988 by focusing on a variety of ecological and genetic mechanisms that might lead to diffuse co-evolution in response to selection from multiple species
Diffuse co-evolution as a whole can be defined as when selection imposed reciprocally by one species on another is dependent on the presence or absence of other species
In the given example panic grass can live only when the fungus protuberata is present and for Curvularia protuberata to colonize Curvularia thermal tolerance virus must be present so there is a web of multiple species where one species is dependent on other species and that other species in turn is dependent on different species hence referred to as diffuse co-evolution
Answer:
thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable.
Explanation:
The complete question is as follows:
Under physiological conditions, peptide bond formation and degradation both require enzymes, but only formation requires coupling to GTP hydrolysis. Based on this information, peptide bonds under physiological conditions are:
A. both thermodynamically and kinetically stable.
B.thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable.
C.thermodynamically stable but kinetically unstable.
D. both thermodynamically and kinetically unstable.
- The term thermodynamically unstable refers to the fact that the peptide bonds are prone to breakage under physiological conditions.
- The reason why one can conclude the thermodynamic instability of the peptide bonds under physiological condition is that there is a need for a source of energy i.e. GTP hydrolysis for the formation of the peptide bond.
- The fact that the breakage of peptide does not require any input of energy but the only formation does confirms the fact that under physiological conditions they are thermodynamically unstable.
- Even though they are thermodynamically unstable, they are kinetically stable because both the formation and degradation require enzymes.
- The function of enzymes is to decrease the activation energy and hence, increase the rate of reaction. This means that if the enzymes are absent the rate of breakage of peptide bonds would be really slow this points out to the fact that they are kinetically stable under physiological conditions.
