J.J. Thomson hypothesized and discovered that the atom was not the smallest unit of matter but that instead there were much smaller units. He discovered "sub-atomic particles" which make up atoms. The sub-atomic particle that Thomson discovered was the electron. He discovered this through a process of experiments testing cathode rays.
C. Distance from Earth
The observed brightness of a star (the apparent magnitude) to an absolute magnitude, you need to know the distance [d], to the star. Alternatively, if we know the distance and the apparent magnitude [m] of a star, we can calculate its absolute magnitude [d].
*paraphrased from "COSMOS.com"
Ethanol C₂H₆O
Explanation:
When ethanol (CH₃-CH₂-OH) is heated in the presence of the sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) it will produce ethylene (CH₂=CH₂ ) and water (H₂O).
CH₃-CH₂-OH → CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O
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sulphuric acid
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The number of energy levels to which an electron can jump depends on the amount of energy the electron possesses. Each energy level has a specific amount of energy an electron needs to have before it can be in there. So, if an electron doesn't have enough energy to be in that energy level then it won't jump to that higher level.
2n² rule:
This rule is used to determine number of electrons in particular shell.
n=1 means K shell
n=2 means L shell
n=3 means M shell
n=4means N shell
The first K shell can hold upto 2 electrons, L shell can hold up to 8, third M shell can hold up to 18and the fourth N shell can hold upto 32 electrons. This rule of arrangement of electrons according to the shell is known 2n2 rule where n means number of shell.
For example: There is one proton in the nucleus of hydrogen atom, which moves in K shell path. It has no neutron.
