1. The full Moon rises just after the Sun sets. So lets assume the Sun sets at 06:00 pm then the Moon will rise at 06:00 pm. This happens because of the position of Moon with respect to Sun. It is opposite to the Sun as seen from Earth.
2. Lets assume that Sun rise will happen at 06:00 am so Moon will be visible till 06:00 am and it will reach highest point in the Sky at 00:00 am that is midnight. This is the time when it will cross the meridian line.
3. No, we can never see the Sun going through phases no matter where we are. The Moon shows us phases because it doesn't have its own light and reflects light of the Sun. But Sun is a star and has it own light. Sun will always be seen like a full circle.
