What volume of concentrated nitric acid (15.0M) is requiredfor
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Answer:
Two
Step-by-step explanation:
There are two ways to determine the number sets of equivalent protons in a compound.
(a) By substitution
Replace each H with a different group and see if you get a different compound
For example, the six CH₃ H atoms are an equivalent set, because, if I replace any one of them, I will always get the same compound: 1-chloromethyl-4-methylbenzene (Fig. 1).
Similarly, the four aromatic H atoms are an equivalent set. If I replace any one of them, I will always get the same compound: 2-chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene (Fig. 2).
Thus, there are two sets of equivalent protons in p-xylene.
(b) By symmetry
Two atoms are equivalent if one can be converted into the other by a <em>symmetry operation</em> on the molecule.
The methyl hydrogens can be interconverted by a combination of <em>reflections</em> about the AB and CD mirror planes and by<em> </em><em>rotation</em>s about the C-C bonds to the ring (Fig. 3).
Similarly, the four aromatic H atoms can be interconverted by a combination of <em>reflections</em> about the AB and CD mirror planes.
Again, we find two sets of equivalent protons.
