Answer:
Explanation:
All Cnidarians have appendages with stinging cells in their tips which are utilized to capture and stifle prey. In truth, the phylum title "Cnidarian" actually implies "stinging animal." The stinging cells are called cnidocytes and contain a structure called a nematocyst. The nematocyst could be a coiled thread-like stinger.
Answer:
OH, H2O2 and O−2
Explanation:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as highly reactive chemical compounds formed from molecular oxygen (O2). ROS are generated as a normal product of cellular metabolism, and also as a response to different environmental/internal cellular stimuli (e.g., cytokines, xenobiotics, pathogenic invasion). For example, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are a type of ROS generated in the mitochondria which are capable of inducing oxidative stress in different cells and also trigger chronic inflammation. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules represent another type of ROS which are produced during the stereoselective deamination of amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. These molecules (H2O2) exhibit toxic effects on the cell (e.g., DNA damage). Finally, singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen (O2) that is generated during photosynthesis in the photosystem II (PSII) of chloroplasts.
Answer:
They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants).
Punnett squares are used to find out the possible genotypes of the next generation after a cross and thus find the phenotype too according to the predicted genotypes.
For example, parents with genotypes of Rr and rr cross together, we can use the punnett square to list out the possible genotypes of their children which are Rr and rr.
You can never predict the exact genotypes of the next child but you can find out the possibility if they carry a certain trait. All the genotypes of the child are in random but you at least know what phenotypes they'll have.
