If two protons are added to carbon, the chemical identity changes to oxygen, which is two spaces over horizontally on the periodic table. The number of protons is what we call the atomic number (Z), and this is what defines the identity of an element. Since we also added two neutrons, this is simply oxygen, or oxygen-16, the most abundant isotope of oxygen.
DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code. These are found in the nucleus of cells. They copy themselves during replication when a cell divides and splits.
In the context of multivalent ions, it is when it has multiple oxidative states.
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