A type of wave that can be used to clear a blockage from small tubes in the kidney is a the shock wave. Shock wave treatments are used to break up the stones and make it into fragments. These fragments are more easy to remove that the large ones.
The three main treatment options for bone fractures are:
Casting.
Open reduction, and internal fixation- this involves a surgery to repair the fracture-frequently, metal rods, screws or plates are used to repair the bone, and remain in place, under the skin, after the surgery. This procedure is recommended for complicated fractures not able to be realigned (reduced) by casting, or in cases in which the long-term use of a cast is undesirable.
Open reduction, and external fixation- this involves a surgery to repair the fracture, and placement of a external fixation device on the limb with the fracture. This device is an external frame which supports the bone and hold it in the correct position while it is healing. This technique is generally applied to complex fractures that cannot be repaired using open reduction, and internal fixation.
