A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
Answer:
Sugar molecules do NOT provide all the elements needed to make the four types of macromolecules.
Explanation:
This is because proteins, and amino acids need more types of elements than carbohydrates and lipids do. In nucleic acids, the elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Notice that sugar molecules do not have either nitrogen or phosphorus. This same principle applies to proteins, which the elements of it are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Answer:
Hemophilia is a x-linked recessive inherited bleeding disorder. in this disease blood does not clot properly due to the decreased level of blood clotting factor VIII (8) or factor IX (9).
In x-linked recessive condition, the disease is transmitted from father (affected male) to his daughter and mother (affected female) to her son and skip of generation getting affected is also occurs.
- there will be 50% chance of her (S.R.) each son to be affected with hemophilia.
Explanation:
Hemophilia is caused due to mutation of one gene which is responsible for the making of proteins of blood coagulation factor viii or ix. the affected person bleeds continuously from any injury and that can cause serious issues.
here,
grandfather of s.r is affected (xₐy) and grandmother is normal (xx) will produce
↓
s.r's mother who is a carrier (xₐx) [as xₐy and xx will produce 100% carrier xₐx daughter]
↓
s.r's mother is a carrier (xₐx) but her father is normal (xy) will produce,
↓
s.r who has 50% chance of being carrier (xₐx) and 50% chance of being normal (xx) [as she is the only child] and she has a normal (xy) partner, they will give,
↓
- if s.r is a carrier (xₐx) then one of her son will be affected (xₐy) [as xₐx and xy =xₐy]
- if s.r is normal (xx) then her son will be normal (xy) [as xx and xy will give xy]
here,<u> 50% chance of her son to be affected with hemophilia</u> [as S.R of being affected is more considerable].
After mitosis comes cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm. This is another process in which animal and plant cells differ... In a plant cell, the cytoplasm is divided by the formation of a new cell wall, called the cell plate, between the two daughter cells.
Hope this helps! :)
