It's mean the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
The most common method astronomers use to determine the composition of stars, planets, and other objects is spectroscopy. This process utilizes instruments with a grating that spreads out the light from an object by wavelength. This spread-out light is called a spectrum. Every element has a unique fingerprint that allows researchers to determine what it is made of.
The fingerprint often appears as the absorption of light. Every atom has electrons, and these electrons like to stay in their lowest-energy levels. But when photons carrying energy hit an electron, they can push it to higher energy levels. This is absorption, and each element’s electrons absorb light at specific wavelengths related to the difference between energy levels in that atom. But the electrons want to return to their original levels, so they don’t hold onto the energy for long. When they emit the energy, they release photons with exactly the same wavelengths of light that were absorbed in the first place. An electron can release this light in any direction, so most of the light is emitted in directions away from our line of sight. Therefore, a dark line appears in the spectrum at that particular wavelength.
Because the wavelengths at which absorption lines occur are unique for each element, astronomers can measure the position of the lines to determine which elements are present in a target. The amount of light that is absorbed can also provide information about how much of each element is present.
First, let's start off by finding the mass of this whole hydrate.
(Note: the unit of measurement for mass will be amu)
Let's find the molecular mass of each element.
Now, let's find the mass of each compound.
We have 6 molecules of H2O, so multiply 18.015 by 6 then add that with the weight of CoCl2.
Now divide 108.09 (mass of all the H2O in the hydrate) by 237.923 (total mass of hydrate).
Turn that into a percentage and you get 45.431%.
Hope this helps! :)
The hypothesis is that salt water freezes faster than fresh water.
The dependent variable is time taken for ice to appear.
The independent variable is presence or absence of salt
The constants are the amount of water in each tray, freezing conditions and length of time of exposure to freezing condition.
The control group is the tray to which salt was not added
The experimental group is the tray to which salt was added
The presence of solutes in a solution causes the freezing point depression.
A solution is made up of a solute and a solvent. In the presence of a solute, the freezing point of a pure solvent is decreased. This is because freezing point is a colligative property.
Colligative properties depend on the amount of solute present.
Hence, the pure water freezes faster (ice begin to appear earlier) than the salt water.
The hypothesis put forward in this experiment was found to be invalid by the experiment.
For more about colligative properties, see
brainly.com/question/10323760
When an atom emits a beta
particle from the nucleus, the nucleus only has one more proton and one less
neutron and this will make the atomic mass number remains unchanged while the
atomic number increases by 1.
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