The lithosphere includes the crust, and the mantle :)
Answer:
Scientists have determined that humans are disrupting the nitrogen cycle by altering the amount of nitrogen that is stored in the biosphere. The chief culprit is fossil fuel combustion, which releases nitric oxides into the air that combine with other elements to form smog and acid rain.
As we know that friction force on box is given by

here we know that

here we have
m = 12 kg

so now we have

now we will have


so it required minimum 49 N(approx) force to move the block
Induced motion or movement
Answer:
Electromagnetic
Explanation:
Electromagnetic waves are those waves that do not require any material medium for propagation. They arise from a vibration of electric and magnetic fields.
The electromagnetic spectrum is comprised of many waves. One of the waves in the spectrum is visible light.
Visible light is in turn composed of seven different wavelengths of which green light is one of them. Hence, green light travels by electromagetic wave.