It is harder to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon because the size of the nuclear charge in fluorine is larger than that of carbon.
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is called ionization energy.
The ionization energy largely depends on the size of the nuclear charge. The larger the size of the nuclear charge, the higher the ionization energy because it will be more difficult to remove an electron from the atom owing to increased electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and orbital electrons.
Since fluorine has a higher size of the nuclear charge than carbon. More energy is required to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon leading to the observation that; it is harder to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon.
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The correct option is C. The amount of MgCl2. we know this because <span>no matter how much you increase KOH, if you dont increase Mgcl2, the amount of Mg(OH)2 remains the same. Hope this works for you</span>
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Answer:</h3>
8 alpha particles
4 beta particles
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Explanation:</h3>
<u>We are given;</u>
- Neptunium-237
- Thallium-205
- Neptunium-237 undergoes beta and alpha decay to form Thallium-205.
We are required to determine the number of beta and alpha particles produced to complete the decay series.
- We need to know that when a radioisotope emits an alpha particle the mass number reduces by 4 while the atomic number decreases by 2.
- When a beta particle is emitted the mass number of the radioisotope increases by 1 while the atomic number remains the same.
In this case;
Neptunium-237 has an atomic number 93, while,
Thallium-205 has an atomic number 81.
Therefore;
²³⁷₉₃Np → x⁴₂He + y⁰₋₁e + ²⁰⁵₈₁Ti
We can get x and y
237 = 4x + y(0) + 205
237-205 = 4x
4x = 32
x = 8
On the other hand;
93 = 2x + (-y) + 81
but x = 8
93 = 16 -y + 81
y = 4
Therefore, the complete decay equation is;
²³⁷₉₃Np → 8⁴₂He + 4⁰₋₁e + ²⁰⁵₈₁Ti
Thus, Neptunium-237 emits 8 alpha particles and 4 beta particles to become Thallium-205.
Seismic waves
Explanation:
Seismic waves are disturbances that transmits energy elastically and let's scientist have a glimpse of the interior of the earth.
These waves can pass through any component layer of the earth due to their unique properties.
There are four types of seismic waves but the two body waves are the most important in studying the earth's interior.
- Seismic p-waves can pass through any earth materials as they are longitudinal waves.
- Seismic s-waves are shear waves and can only pass through solids. liquids and gases cannot be sheared.
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