Answer:
Atomic number
Explanation:
Atomic number is the number of protons, and therefore also the total positive charge, in the atomic nucleus. The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1).
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Hess' Law of Constant Heat Summation was developed by Germain Henri Hess who lived from 1802 - 1850. This law became important primarily for his thermochemical studies. This law states that the heat released or absorbed in the chemical reaction is unchanged or the same irregardless of how many steps the reactants take in order to convert to products.
This law is not applicable or not helpful in the conversion of diamond to graphite because both are just allotropes of carbon along with C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), C540, C70, amorphous carbon, and carbon nanotube.
The electrical forces between the particles would decrease -q-q.
Hope this helps!!!:D