Answer:

Explanation:
let
be the mass attached, let
be the spring constant and let
be the positive damping constant.
-By Newton's second law:

where
is the displacement from equilibrium position. The equation can be transformed into:
shich is the equation of motion.
It takes more energy to remove the second electron from a lithium atom than it does to remove the fourth electron from a carbon atom because its inner core e, not valence e. C's 4th removed e is still a valence e. And also <span>because more nuclear charge acting on the second electron, it is more close to the nucleus, thus the the protons attract it more than the 4th electron.</span>
What is being done in shaping is that it directs and guides the change in one's behavior. Therefore, what will happen when one undergoes shaping is that you encourage a lot of minor behaviors which would add up to one large action. The answer to this would be the first option.
False
Energy in the form of motion is kinetic energy
Stored energy is called potential energy
Alpha - <span>The radiation particle is positively charged.
</span>Beta - <span>The radiation particle is negatively charged.
</span>Gamma - The radiation is a wave, not a particle.