The Second Law of Thermodynamics<span> says that processes that involve the transfer or conversion of heat energy are irreversible.</span><span> ... The First </span>Law of Thermodynamics<span> states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; the total quantity of energy in the universe stays the same.</span>
Buffers - mixtures of conjugate acid and conjugate base at ±1 pH unit from pH = pKa. Resistant to changes in pH in response to small additions of H+ or OH-. ... Polyprotic acids - dissociation of each H+ can be treated separately if the pKa values are different
Particles as small as atoms exist.
Oceans are the most common of course
