Answer:
B. A system cannot take in additional matter.
Explanation: The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, it can merely change from one form to another.
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In refraction, when a wave travels from one medium to another it changes speed.
Correct option is A.
Answer:
Force, F = 187.42 N
Explanation:
It is given that,
Mass of boy, m = 30 kg
Acceleration due to gravity, 
Radius of curvature of the roller coaster, r = 15 m
Speed of the car, v = 7.3 m/s
The force acting on the boy are force of gravity and the centripetal force. The net force acting on him is as follows :



F = 187.42 N
So, he press against the seat with a force is 187.42 N. Hence, this is the required solution.