This really calls for a blackboard and a hunk of chalk, but I'm going to try and do without.
If you want to understand what's going on, then PLEASE keep drawing visible as you go through this answer, either on the paper or else on a separate screen.
The energy dissipated by the circuit is the energy delivered by the battery. We'd know what that is if we knew I₁ . Everything that flows in this circuit has to go through R₁ , so let's find I₁ first.
-- R₃ and R₄ in series make 6Ω. -- That 6Ω in parallel with R₂ makes 3Ω. -- That 3Ω in series with R₁ makes 10Ω across the battery. -- I₁ is 10volts/10Ω = 1 Ampere.
-- The battery is 10 volts. 7 of the 10 appear across R₁ . So the other 3 volts appear across all the business at the bottom.
-- R₂:3 volts across it = V₂. Current through it is I₂ = V₂/R₂ = 3volts/6Ω = 1/2 Amp.
-- R3 + R4: 6Ω in the series combination 3 volts across it Current through it is I = V₂/R = 3volts/6Ω = 1/2 Ampere
-- Remember that the current is the same at every point in a series circuit. I₃ and I₄ must be the same 1/2 Ampere, because there's no place in the branch where electrons can be temporarily stored, no place for them to leak out, and no supply of additional electrons.
-- R₃:1/2 Ampere through it = I₃ . 1/2 Ampere through 2Ω ... V₃ = I₃ · R₃ = 1 volt
-- R₄:1/2 Ampere through it = I₄ 1/2 Ampere through 4Ω ... V₄ = I₄ · R₄ = 2 volts
Notice that I₂ is 1/2 Amp, and (I₃ , I₄) is also 1/2 Amp. So the sum of currents through the two horizontal branches is 1 Amp, which exactly matches I₁ coming down the side, just as it should. That means that at the left side, at the point where R₁, R₂, and R₃ all meet, the amount of current flowing into that point is the same as the amount flowing out ... electrons are not piling up there.
Concerning energy, we could go through and calculate the energy dissipated by each resistor and then addum up. But why bother ? The energy dissipated by the resistors has to come from the battery, so we only need to calculate how much the battery is supplying, and we'll have it.
The power supplied by the battery = (voltage) · (current)
= (10 volts) · (1 Amp) = 10 watts .
"Watt" means "joule per second". The resistors are dissipating 10 joules per second, and the joules are coming from the battery.
(30 minutes) · (60 sec/minute) = 1,800 seconds
(10 joules/second) · (1,800 seconds) = 18,000 joules in 30 min
The power (joules per second) dissipated by each individual resistor is
P = V² / R or P = I² · R ,
whichever one you prefer. They're both true.
If you go through the 4 resistors, calculate each one, and addum up, you'll come out with the same 10 watts / 18,000 joules total.
They're not asking for that. But if you did it and you actually got the same numbers as the battery is supplying, that would be a really nice confirmation that all of your voltages and currents are correct.
The block that has a higher temperature describes the thermal energy of these blocks. Thermal energy is a measure of internal energy - therefore, the block with the higher temperature has more internal energy than the block with the lower temperature, meaning it's thermal energy is greater.
