When fermentation units are operated with high aeration rates, significant amounts of water can be evaporated into the air passi
ng through the fermentation broth. Since fermentation can be adversely affected if water loss is significant, the air is humidified before being fed to the fermenter. Sterilized ambient air is combined with steam to form a saturated air–water mixture at 1 atm and 90°C. The mixture is cooled to the temperature of the fermenter (35°C), condensing some of the water, and the saturated air is fed to the bottom of the fermenter. For an air flow rate to the fermenter of 10 L/min at 35°C and 1 atm, estimate the rate at which steam must be added to the sterilized air and the rate (kg/min) at which condensate is collected upon cooling the air–steam mixture.
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Explanation:
Specific cutting energy:
It the ratio of power required to cut the material to metal removal rate of material.If we take the force required to cut the material is F and velocity of cutting tool is V then cutting power will be the product of force and the cutting tool velocity.
Power P = F x V
Lets take the metal removal rate =MRR
Then the specific energy will be
If we consider that metal removal rate and cutting tool velocity is constant then when we increases the cutting force then specific energy will also increase.