Answer:
3.5 atm
Explanation:
As stated in the question pressure is required to counteract the natural tendency for water to dilute the more concentrated solution. The difference in concentrations will give us the answer using the osmotic pressure equation.
π = ( n/v) RT where n/v is the molarity (mol/L), R is the gas constant and T is the temperature.
The difference in osmotic pressure of the solutions is:
Δπ = Δ c RT where c is the difference in molar concentrations.
pressure required = Δπ = (0.190 - 0.048) M x 0.821 Latm/Kmol x 298 K
= 3.47 atm
<h2>Input =

, water and Output =

</h2>
Explanation:
The light reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce Oxygen, NADPH.
The equation for photosynthesis :
→ 
The process of photosynthesis in two stages -
- The first stage is called the light reaction in which the light energy from the sun is captured and converted into chemical energy stored in the form of ATP and NADPH
- The second stage is the process of conversion of ATP molecules to sugar or glucose (the Calvin Cycle)
For a light reaction -
Net Input is of,
, 
Net Output is of, 
Answer
For this we use ideal gas equation which is:
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 1.10 atm
V1 = 326 ml
P2 = 1.90
V2 = ?
By rearranging the ideal gas equation:
V2 = P1V1 ÷ P2
V2 = 1.10 × 326 ÷1.90
V2 = 358.6 ÷ 1.90
V2 = 188.7 ml