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lozanna [386]
3 years ago
7

A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from D1 5 8 cm to D2 5 16 cm. The water velocity in the smaller section is 10 m/s and

the flow is turbulent. The pressure in the smaller section is P1 5 410 kPa. Taking the kinetic energy correction factor to be 1.06 at both the inlet and the outlet, determine the downstream pressure P2, and estimate the error that would have occurred if Bernoulli’s equation had been used.

Engineering
1 answer:
anyanavicka [17]3 years ago
5 0
  • Answer:  Explanation:  Application of the bernoulli's equation comes in from conservation of mass flow.  The cross sectional area of the two pipes are calculated. from A = πD²/4 The velocity of water from conservation of mass flow is also calculated ; V2 = Ac1V1/Ac2 The Loss coefficient is then calculated from KL = (1 - Ac1²/Ac2²)² Then the head Loss (hL) is calculated  The detailed calculated and appropriate steps is as shown in the attached files.

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A 50-kN hydraulic press performs pressing and clamping actions. The clamping cylinder force is 4 kN. The pressing cylinder strok
galben [10]

Answer:

The attached figure shows the hydraulic circuit using one sequence valve to control two simultaneous operations performed in proper sequence in one direction only. In the other direction, both the operations are simultaneous.

When we keep the 4/2 DCV in crossed arrow position, oil under pressure is supplied to the inlet port of the sequence valve. It directly flows to Head end port-1. Hence Cylinder 'C1' extends first.

By the end of the extension of cylinder 'C1', pressure in the line increases and hence poppet of sequence valve is lifted off from its seat and allows oil to flow to port-2 and hence, Cylinder 'C2 extends completing the pressing operation.

In the straight-arrow position of 4/2 DCV the oil under pressure reaches the rod end of both the cylinders C1 and C2 simultaneously through port-3. This causes both the cylinders to retract simultaneously.

Also, a Flow control valve is provided tho control the velocity of clamping

Explanation:

find attached the figure

4 0
3 years ago
Help please if you don't know don't give wrong answer please​
mrs_skeptik [129]

4.75cm * 5.22cm is 24.795cm²

but let's do this with m² instead:

0.0475m * 0.0522m = 0.0024795

now we can compare it with the 49780 much easier.

devide. that's the <u>roughly</u> 20,000,000fold of the plot, but it's still squared, so let's take the root

so the representative fraction is 1:4,480.

the exact value is in the screens

have a nice day:)

6 0
3 years ago
Which type of work is a textile engineer most likely to do?
pickupchik [31]

Answer:

B because as a textile engineer, your job is to help design and create fabric, including the equipment and materials needed for fabrication.

7 0
2 years ago
What are the minimum and maximum required footing projections for a concrete footing having a thickness of 8 inches
SpyIntel [72]

The minimum and maximum required footing projections for a concrete footing having a thickness of 8 inches will be 4 inches and 8 inches.

<h3>What is projection?</h3>

It should be noted that footing projections are important for construction purposes

In this case, the minimum and maximum required footing projections for a concrete footing having a thickness of 8 inches will be 4 inches and 8 inches.

Learn more about projection on:

brainly.com/question/3703881

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8 0
2 years ago
Using the characteristics equation, determine the dynamic behavior of a PI controller with τI = 4 applied to a second order proc
Sladkaya [172]

Answer:

The values of Kc that render this closed-loop process unstable are in the interval

(Kc < 0)

Explanation:

The transfer function of a PI controller is given as

Gc = Kc {1 + (1/sτI)}

τI = 4

Gc = Kc {1 + (1/4s)}

Gc = Kc {(4s+1)/(4s)}

Divide numerator and denominator by 4

Gc = Kc {(s+0.25)/(s)}

For a second order process, the general transfer function is given by

Gp = Kp {1/(τn²s² + 2ζτns + 1)}

Kp = 2, τn = 5 and ζ = 1.5

Gp = 2/(25s² + 15s + 1)

Divide numerator and denominator by 25

Gp = 0.08/(s² + 0.6s + 0.04)

Ga = 1

Gs = 1

We need to find the value(s) of Kc that makes the closed loop transfer function unstable. Gp*Ga*Gc*Gs + 1 = 0

The closed loop transfer function is unstable when the solution(s) of the characteristic equation obtained is positive.

Gp*Ga*Gc*Gs + 1 = 0

Becomes

[0.08/(s² + 0.6s + 0.04)] × [Kc (s+0.25)/(s)] + 1 = 0

[0.08Kc (s + 0.25)/(s³ + 0.6s² + 0.04s)] = - 1

0.08Kc (s + 0.25) = -s³ - 0.6s² - 0.04s

0.08Kc s + 0.02Kc = -s³ - 0.6s² - 0.04s

s³ + 0.6s² + 0.04s + 0.08Kc s + 0.02Kc = 0

s³ + 0.6s² + (0.08Kc + 0.04)s + 0.02Kc = 0

We will use the direct substitution method to evaluate the values of Kc that matter. The values of Kc at the turning points of the closed loop transfer function.

For the substitution,

We put s = jw into the equation. (frequency analysis)

Note that j = √(-1)

s³ + 0.6s² + (0.08Kc + 0.04)s + 0.02Kc = 0

(jw)³ + 0.6(jw)² + (0.08Kc + 0.04)(jw) + 0.02Kc = 0

-jw³ - 0.6w² + (0.08Kc + 0.04)(jw) + 0.02Kc = 0

we then collect terms with j and terms without.

(0.08Kcw + 0.04w - w³)j + (0.02Kc - 0.6w²) = 0

Meaning,

0.08Kcw + 0.04w - w³ = 0 (eqn 1)

0.02Kc - 0.6w² = 0 (eqn 2)

0.02 Kc = 0.6 w²

Kc = 15w²

Substituting this into eqn 1

0.08Kcw + 0.04w - w³ = 0

Kc = 15w²

0.08(15w²)w + 0.04w - w³ = 0

1.2w³ + 0.04w - w³ = 0

0.2w³ + 0.04w = 0

w = 0 or 0.2w² + 0.04 = 0

0.2w² = -0.04

w² = -0.2

w = ± √(-0.2)

w = ± 0.4472j or w = 0

Recall, Kc = 15w² = 15(-0.2) = -3 or Kc = 0

The turning points for the curve of the closed loop transfer function occur when

Kc = 0 or Kc = -3

To investigate, we pick values around these turning points to investigate the behaviour of the closed loop transfer function at those points.

Kc < -3, Kc = -3, (-3 < Kc < 0), Kc = 0 and Kc > 0

Note that, one positive characteristic root or pole is enough to make the system unstable.

We pick a value for Kc in that interval and evaluate the closed loop transfer function.

s³ + 0.6s² + (0.08Kc + 0.04)s + 0.02Kc = 0

- First of, let Kc = - 4 (Kc < -3)

s³ + 0.6s² - 0.28s - 0.08 = 0

Solving the polynomial

s = (-0.22002), 0.44223, (-0.82221)

One positive pole means the closed loop transfer function is unstable in this region

Let Kc = -3

s³ + 0.6s² - 0.20s - 0.06 = 0

s = 0.37183, (-0.21251) or (-0.75933)

One positive pole still means that the closed loop transfer function is still unstable.

Then the next interval

Let Kc = -1

s³ + 0.6s² - 0.04s - 0.02 = 0

Solving this polynomial,

s = 0.18686, (-0.1749) or (-0.61196)

The function is unstable in the region being investigated.

Let Kc = 0

s³ + 0.6s² + 0.04s = 0

s = 0, -0.0769, -0.5236

One zero, all negative roots, indicate that the closed loop transfer function is marginally stable at this point.

Let Kc = 1, Kc > 0

s³ + 0.6s² + 0.12s + 0.02 = 0

s = (-0.42894), (-0.08553 + 0.1983j) or (-0.08553 - 0.1983j)

All the real negative parts of the poles are all negative, this indicates stability.

Hence, after examining the turning points of the closed loop transfer function, it is evident that, the region's of Kc where the closed loop transfer function is unstable is (Kc < 0)

Hope this Helps!!!

8 0
3 years ago
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