Which of these statements best explains why chemistry is reliable?
1 answer:
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Answer:
Quantum numbers of the outermost electron in potassium:
.
.
.
- Either
.
Explanation:
Refer to the electron configuration of a potassium atom. The outermost electron in a ground-state potassium atom is in the orbital (fourth
orbital.)
The quantum number (the principal quantum number) specifies the main energy shell of an electron. This electron is in the fourth main energy shell (as seen in the number four in the orbital.) Hence,
for this electron.
The quantum number (the angular momentum quantum number) specifies the shape (
,
,
, etc.) of an electron.
for
orbitals (such as the one that contains this electron.
Quantum numbers and
specify the shape of an orbital. On the other hand, the magnetic quantum number
specifies the orientation of these orbitals in space.
However, orbitals are spherical. Regardless of the value of
, the only possible
value for electrons in
orbitals is
.
The spin quantum number distinguishes between the two electrons in an orbital. The two possible values of
are
and
. Typically, the first electron in an orbital is assigned an upward (
) spin, which corresponds to
.
Answer:
Element:
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d¹⁰7p¹
Cations:
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d¹⁰
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶5f¹⁴6d¹⁰
Explanation:
The electron configuration is the distribution of the electrons in the sublevels in order of the crescent energy of them. The crescent energy of the sublevels follows the Linus Pauling's diagram, which is attached below. The sublevel "s" comports until 2 electrons, the sublevel "p" until 6 electrons, the sublevel "d" until 10 electrons, and sublevel "f" until 14 electrons.
So, for the element with an atomic number of 113, the neutral atom will have 113 electrons:
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d¹⁰7p¹
Thus the element is at the 7 period (the highest level), and group 13 (most energic sublevel p with 1 electron), the group of the aluminum. It needs to lose 3 electrons to be stable and follow the octet rule, but the subshells of the last shell are too far away in energetic order, thus, it most probably to lose the electron of 7p and form a monovalent cation, and can lose the two electrons of 7s to form a trivalent cation:
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶7s²5f¹⁴6d¹⁰
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁶5f¹⁴6d¹⁰
