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2 years ago

Explain with schematics the operating principle of solid state lasers.

Engineering

1 answer:

alina1380 [7]2 years ago

7 0

Explanation:

A solid state laser contains a cavity like structure fitted with spherical mirrors or plane mirrors at the end filled with a rigidly bonded crystal. It uses solid as the medium. It uses glass or crystalline materials.

It is known that active medium used for this type of laser is a solid material. This lasers are pumped optically by means of a light source which is used as a source of energy for the laser. The solid materials gets excited by absorbing energy in the form of light from the light source. Here the pumping source is light energy.

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Carbon dioxide steadily flows into a constant pressure heater at 300 K and 100 kPa witha mass flow rate of 9.2 kg/s. Heat transf

docker41 [41]

Answer:

Carbon dioxide temperature at exit is 317.69 K

Carbon dioxide flow rate at heater exit is 20.25 m³/s

Explanation:

Detailed steps are attached below.

8 0

2 years ago

Consider a single crystal of nickel oriented such that a tensile stress is applied along a [001] direction. If slip occurs on a

Elena L [17]

Answer:

$\mathbf{\tau_c =5.675 \ MPa}$

Explanation:

Given that:

The direction of the applied tensile stress =[001]

direction of the slip plane = [ $\bar 1$ 01]

normal to the slip plane = [111]

Now, the first thing to do is to calculate the angle between the tensile stress and the slip by using the formula:

$cos \lambda = \Big [\dfrac{d_1d_2+e_1e_2+f_1f_2}{\sqrt{(d_1^2+e_1^2+f_1^2)+(d_2^2+e_2^2+f_2^2) }} \Big]$

where;

$[d_1\ e_1 \ f_1]$ = directional indices for tensile stress

$[d_2 \ e_2 \ f_2]$ = slip direction

replacing their values;

i.e $d_1$ = 0 , $e_1$ = 0 $f_1$ = 1 & $d_2$ = -1 , $e_2$ = 0 , $f_2$ = 1

$cos \lambda = \Big [\dfrac{(0\times -1)+(0\times 0) + (1\times 1) }{\sqrt{(0^2+0^2+1^2)+((-1)^2+0^2+1^2) }} \Big]$

$cos \ \lambda = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$

Also, to find the angle $\phi$ between the stress [001] & normal slip plane [111]

Then;

$cos \ \phi = \Big [\dfrac{d_1d_3+e_1e_3+f_1f_3}{\sqrt{(d_1^2+e_1^2+f_1^2)+(d_3^2+e_3^2+f_3^2) }} \Big]$

replacing their values;

i.e $d_1$ = 0 , $e_1$ = 0 $f_1$ = 1 & $d_3$ = 1 , $e_3$ = 1 , $f_3$ = 1

$cos \ \phi= \Big [ \dfrac{ (0 \times 1)+(0 \times 1)+(1 \times 1)} {\sqrt {(0^2+0^2+1^2)+(1^2+1^2 +1^2)} } \Big]$

$cos \phi= \dfrac{1} {\sqrt{3} }$

However, the critical resolved SS(shear stress) $\mathbf{\tau_c}$ can be computed using the formula:

$\tau_c = (\sigma )(cos \phi )(cos \lambda)$

where;

applied tensile stress $\sigma =$ 13.9 MPa

∴

$\tau_c =13.9\times ( \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} )( \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}})$

$\mathbf{\tau_c =5.675 \ MPa}$

3 0

3 years ago

A 5-mm-thick stainless steel strip (k = 21 W/m•K, rho = 8000 kg/m3, and cp = 570 J/kg•K) is being heat treated as it moves throu

Drupady [299]

Answer:

The temperature of the strip as it exits the furnace is 819.15 °C

Explanation:

The characteristic length of the strip is given by;

$L_c = \frac{V}{A} = \frac{LA}{2A} = \frac{5*10^{-3}}{2} = 0.0025 \ m$

The Biot number is given as;

$B_i = \frac{h L_c}{k}\\\\B_i = \frac{80*0.0025}{21} \\\\B_i = 0.00952$

$B_i$ < 0.1, thus apply lumped system approximation to determine the constant time for the process;

$\tau = \frac{\rho C_p V}{hA_s} = \frac{\rho C_p L_c}{h}\\\\\tau = \frac{8000* 570* 0.0025}{80}\\\\\tau = 142.5 s$

The time for the heating process is given as;

$t = \frac{d}{V} \\\\t = \frac{3 \ m}{0.01 \ m/s} = 300 s$

Apply the lumped system approximation relation to determine the temperature of the strip as it exits the furnace;

$T(t) = T_{ \infty} + (T_i -T_{\infty})e^{-t/ \tau}\\\\T(t) = 930 + (20 -930)e^{-300/ 142.5}\\\\T(t) = 930 + (-110.85)\\\\T_{(t)} = 819.15 \ ^0 C$

Therefore, the temperature of the strip as it exits the furnace is 819.15 °C

5 0

3 years ago

When moving cylinders always remove and make

Karolina [17]

Unless cylinders are firmly secured on a special carrier intended for this purpose, regulators shall be removed and valve protection caps put in place before cylinders are moved. A suitable cylinder truck, chain, or other steadying device shall be used to keep cylinders from being knocked over while in use.

5 0

3 years ago

What should you, the worker, be aware of with regard to evacuation procedures at your workplace

Alinara [238K]

Answer:

As a worker, it is important to follow the proper set of instructions or emergency plans during an emergent situation. Not carefully following the rules may result to a bigger problem such as further injury and damage to property.

Explanation:

Evacuation Procedure- This is a step-by-step procedure that people follow in order to safely vacate any building or place. This procedure is applicable to any situation, such as the workplace. This is now called the <em>Workplace Evacuation Procedure. </em>This is very important because there are so many unpredictable situations or events that are happening in the world right now, such as fire or earthquake. This procedure is being done through an evacuation plan.

The awareness of the workers regarding the proper way to evacuate during emergency situation is very important. It will be easier for them to know where to locate the nearest exit route. They will also learn to stop any form of device or equipment that could cause a hazzard during the situation. In case of the hospital, which is also a workplace, the employees will also learn how to assist the patients before themselves. They will also know where to assemble if there's a need to do so.

7 0

3 years ago

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