A reference frame can be moving. To make sure that newtons laws still apply, the reference frame must not be accelerating.
Answer:
Explanation:
As the circuit is parallel, then there is no effect of other branches as the potential difference across each arm is same.
The electrostatic force between the two ions is 
Explanation:
The electrostatic force between two charged particle is given by Coulomb's law:

where
is the Coulomb's constant
are the two charges
r is the separation between the two charges
In this problem, the ion of sodium has a charge of

while the ion of chlorine has a charge of

And the distance between the two ions is

Substituting, we find the electrostatic force between the two ions:

where the negative sign simply means that the force is attractive, since the two ions have opposite charge.
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No,because they may have more particles
Answer:
q = 3.6 10⁵ C
Explanation:
To solve this exercise, let's use one of the consequences of Gauss's law, that all the charge on a body can be considered at its center, therefore we calculate the electric field on the surface of a sphere with the radius of the Earth
r = 6 , 37 106 m
E = k q / r²
q = E r² / k
q =
q = 4.5 10⁵ C
Now let's calculate the charge on the planet with E = 222 N / c and radius
r = 0.6 r_ Earth
r = 0.6 6.37 10⁶ = 3.822 10⁶ m
E = k q / r²
q = E r² / k
q =
q = 3.6 10⁵ C