In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It comprises cytosol (the gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane) and the organelles – the cell's internal sub-structures. All of the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms (such as bacteria, which lack a cell nucleus) are contained within the cytoplasm. Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called thenucleoplasm. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually colorless.[1]
It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular activities occur, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and processes such as cell division. The concentrated inner area is called the endoplasm and the outer layer is called the cell cortex or theectoplasm.
Movement of calcium ions in and out of the cytoplasm is a signaling activity for metabolic processes.[2]
In plants, movement of the cytoplasm around vacuoles is known as cytoplasmic streaming.
Answer: D
Explanation:
A reducing agent is a species that reduces other compounds, and is thereby oxidized. The whole compound becomes the reducing agent. In other words, of a compound is oxidized, then they are the reducing agent. On the other hand, if the compound is reduced, it is an ozidizing agent.
Since we have established that a reducing agent is the compound being oxidized, we know that A is not our answer. An oxidized compound is losing electrons. Choice A states exactly this.
For B, this is true as we have established this already.
C is also correct. Since a reducing agent loses electrons, it becomes more positive. This makes the oxidation number increase.
D would be our correct answer. It is actually a good oxidizing agent is a metal in a high oxidation state, such as Mn⁷⁺.
Answer:
4.549 kg.
Explanation:
- We can use the general law of ideal gas: <em>PV = nRT.</em>
where, P is the pressure of the gas in atm (P = 2 x 10⁴ kPa/101.325 = 197.4 atm).
V is the volume of the gas in L (V = 20.0 L).
n is the no. of moles of the gas in mol (n = ??? mol).
R is the general gas constant (R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol.K),
T is the temperature of the gas in K (T = 23° C + 273 = 296 K).
<em>∴ n = PV/RT =</em> (197.4 atm)(20.0 L)/(0.0821 L.atm/mol.K)(296 K) = <em>162.5 mol.</em>
- To find the mass of N₂ in the cylinder, we can use the relation:
<em>mass of N₂ = (no. of moles of N₂)*(molar mass of N₂) = </em>(162.5 mol)*(28.0 g/mol) = <em>4549 g = 4.549 kg.</em>
Answer:
Explanation:
Given: Entropy of surrounding: ΔSsurr = ?
Temperature: T= 355 K
The change in enthalpy of reaction: ΔH = -114 kJ
Pressure: P = constant
As we know, ΔH = -114 kJ ⇒ negative
Therefore, the given reaction is an exothermic reaction
Therefore, Entropy of surrounding at <em>constant pressure</em> is given by,
<u><em>In the given reaction:</em></u>
2NO(g) + O₂(g) → 2NO₂(g)
As, the number of moles of gaseous products is less than the number of moles of gaseous reactants.
As we know, <em>for a spontaneous process, that the total entropy should be positive.</em>
<u>Therefore, at the given temperature,</u>
- if
then the given reaction is spontaneous
- if
then the given reaction is non-spontaneous
