Answer: A: high ionization energies; high electron affinitlies.
Explanation: Covalent bonds are basically about sharing of electrons between two atoms to achieve that stable structure. They are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Covalent bonding usually occurs between two non-metals.
For effective and proper bonding, the two atoms involved in the covalent bonding exercise should be small and hungry for electrons. This is to enable the nuclei of both atoms to effectively attract and hold the shared electron(s) in place; hence, the need for high ionization energies & high electron affinities for a more effective covalent bonding.
Answer: The methodology is the science that addresses these issues.
Explanation:
There are several steps to exploring to obtain valid scientific results. The scientific method is one of those elements. The scientific method involves specific steps that need to be taken to begin the scientific process adequately. By the scientific method, we also mean the hypothesis or assumption that needs to be put in the paper to try to defend it later and in fact. By scientific process, we suggest the following steps we take after evaluating a hypothesis. The scientific method is the very making of a particular scientific work, that is, its central part.
Answer:
The half-life time, the team equired for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value, is 79.67 seconds.
Explanation:
The half-life time = the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value. Half of it's value = 50%.
To calculate the half-life time we use the following equation:
[At]=[Ai]*e^(-kt)
with [At] = Concentration at time t
with [Ai] = initial concentration
with k = rate constant
with t = time
We want to know the half-life time = the time needed to have 50% of it's initial value
50 = 100 *e^(-8.7 *10^-3 s^- * t)
50/100 = e^(-8.7 *10^-3 s^-1 * t)
ln (0.5) = 8.7 *10^-3 s^-1 *t
t= ln (0.5) / -8.7 *10^-3 = 79.67 seconds
The half-life time, the team equired for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value, is 79.67 seconds.
Answer:
sp³
Explanation:
Number of hybrid orbitals = ( V + S - C + A ) / 2
Where
H is the number of hybrid orbitals
V is the valence electrons of the central atom = 5
S is the number of single valency atoms = 4
C is the number of cations = 1
A is the number of anions = 0
For PCl₄⁺
Applying the values, we get:
H = ( 5+4-1+0) / 2
= 4
<u>This corresponds to sp³ hybridization.</u>
