This is an example of a negative informal sanctions. Sanction
can be either be positive through rewards and negative through punishment.<span> Sanctions </span>can take place
from either formal or informal power. Negative informal sanctions<span> frequently
are in the variety of rumor, public mockery, social isolation, insults, or even
terrorization of physical harm by other members of the community. </span>
The correct answer would be option C, Negative Reinforcement.
A behavioral psychologist would observe that your studying behavior has been conditioned through negative reinforcement.
Explanation:
Negative Reinforcement is a concept that is given by B.F Skinner. He present his theory of Operant Conditioning in which he explained about negative and positive reinforcement, and negative and positive punishment.
According to Skinner, A negative reinforcement is something when a behavior or response is strengthened by removing or avoiding a negative outcome. For example, when a child do the dishes to avoid her mother's nagging.
Similarly, study to avoid bad grades is the example of negative reinforcement.
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free enterprise - the government places few restrictions on the type of business activities or ownership.
command economy- government owns everything