Q = mCΔT
Q is heat in joules, m is mass, C is specific heat, and delta T is change in temp
2099 J = (40.27g)(C)(148.5 - 24.8) = .421 J / gram K
Electronegativity is the strength an atom has to attract a bonding pair of electrons to itself. When a chlorine atom covalently bonds to another chlorine atom, the shared electron pair is shared equally. The electron density that comprises the covalent bond is located halfway between the two atoms.
But what happens when the two atoms involved in a bond aren’t the same? The two positively charged nuclei have different attractive forces; they “pull” on the electron pair to different degrees. The end result is that the electron pair is shifted toward one atom.
ATTRACTING ELECTRONS: ELECTRONEGATIVITIES
The larger the value of the electronegativity, the greater the atom’s strength to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The following figure shows the electronegativity values of the various elements below each element symbol on the periodic table. With a few exceptions, the electronegativities increase, from left to right, in a period, and decrease, from top to bottom, in a family.
Electronegativities give information about what will happen to the bonding pair of electrons when two atoms bond. A bond in which the electron pair is equally shared is called a nonpolar covalent bond. You have a nonpolar covalent bond anytime the two atoms involved in the bond are the same or anytime the difference in the electronegativities of the atoms involved in the bond is very small.

Now consider hydrogen chloride (HCl). Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1, and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0. The electron pair that is bonding HCl together shifts toward the chlorine atom because it has a larger electronegativity value.
A bond in which the electron pair is shifted toward one atom is called a polar covalent bond. The atom that more strongly attracts the bonding electron pair is slightly more negative, while the other atom is slightly more positive. The larger the difference in the electronegativities, the more negative and positive the atoms become.
Now look at a case in which the two atoms have extremely different electronegativities — sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium chloride is ionically bonded. An electron has transferred from sodium to chlorine. Sodium has an electronegativity of 1.0, and chlorine has an electronegativity of 3.0.
That’s an electronegativity difference of 2.0 (3.0 – 1.0), making the bond between the two atoms very, very polar. In fact, the electronegativity difference provides another way of predicting the kind of bond that will form between two elements, as indicated in the following table.
Electronegativity DifferenceType of Bond Formed0.0 to 0.2nonpolar covalent0.3 to 1.4polar covalent> 1.5ionic
The presence of a polar covalent bond in a molecule can
Divide
A covalent bond? Not sure how much detail you want, sorry
Metals present in municipal waste water may still be present in treated sewage sludge IN CONCENTRATIONS THAT MAY AFFECT THE PUBLIC HEALTH. Sewage sludge is an end product of municipal waste water treatment and it contains many of the pollutant that are removed from the waste water.
Answer: 400K
Explanation:
Given that,
Original volume of balloon V1 = 3.0L
Original temperature of balloonT1 = 27°C
Convert the temperature in Celsius to Kelvin
(27°C + 273 = 300K)
New volume of balloon V2 = 4.0L
New temperature of balloon T2 = ?
Since volume and temperature are given while pressure is constant, apply the formula for Charle's law
V1/T1 = V2/T2
3.0L/300K = 4.0L/T2
To get the value of T2, cross multiply
3.0L x T2 = 4.0L x 300K
3.0LT2 = 1200LK
Divide both sides by 3.0L
3.0LT2/3.0L = 1200LK/3.0L
T2 = 400K
Thus, at a temperature of 400 Kelvin, the balloon would have a volume of 4.0L.
