a) First, to get ΔG°rxn we have to use this formula when:
ΔG° = - RT ㏑ K
when ΔG° is Gibbs free energy
and R is the constant = 8.314 J/mol K
and T is the temperature in Kelvin = 25 °C+ 273 = 298 K
and when K = 4.4 x 10^-2
so, by substitution:
ΔG°= - 8.314 * 298 *㏑(4.4 x 10^-2)
= -7739 J = -7.7 KJ
b) then, to get E° cell for a redox reaction we have to use this formula:
ΔE° Cell = (RT / nF) ㏑K
when R is a constant = 8.314 J/molK
and T is the temperature in Kelvin = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
and n = no.of moles of e- from the balanced redox reaction= 3
and F is Faraday constant = 96485 C/mol
and K = 4.4 x 10^-2
so, by substitution:
∴ ΔE° cell = (8.314 * 298 / 3* 96485) *㏑(4.4 x 10^-2)
= - 2.7 x 10^-2 V
D - for example, Potassium has 1 electron on its outer shell, whilst Chlorine has 7 electrons on its outer shell. Potassium loses one electron to Chlorine so that each of them have a full outer shell. This would form Potassium Chloride.
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Go to higher ground
Get food and water
Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases. Since a hydrogen atom is a proton and one electron, technically an H+ ion is just a proton. So an acid is a "proton donor", and a base is a "proton acceptor". The reaction between an acid and base is essentially a proton transfer.
The relationship between acids and bases is more aggressive than the donor/acceptor terminology implies. Bases don't passively "accept" protons; they rip hydrogen ions from acids. Acids don't "donate" hydrogen ions; they surrender them.
Ionic Bonding:
This type of bonding occurs when atoms want to fulfil their valence shells by taking/giving electrons to other atoms. This, leads to completed valence shells in most cases and ionisation of both elements. The opposite charges cause the elements to stick together because opposites attract.
Covalent Bonding:
This type of bonding occurs when electrons are shared between atoms to each fill up their own valence shells by sharing. The balance between the attraction forces and repulsion forces between the shared electrons is called covalent bonding.
Hope I helped :)
