In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions the hydroxyl group is an o,p-director because: hydroxyl group donates the electron density to the ring by induction and destabilizes the meta sigma complex and by resonance and it stabilizes the ortho and para sigma complexes of aromatic ring .
Most ring activators have atoms with unshared electron pairs directly attached to a carbon atom of the benzene ring . For example, the — OH group has two pairs of unshared electrons on the oxygen atom , which will form a bond to a carbon atom of the benzene ring . Thus , the — OH group will be an activating group in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions .
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Depth where light intensity falls to one percent<span> of that at the surface, called the euphotic depth</span>
Answer:
molar mass of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) is
(12.01 × 1 ) + ( 4 × 19.00)
= 12.01 + 76
= 88.01u
= 88u
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