<h3>1</h3>
Species shown in bold are precipitates.
- Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2 KOH → Ca(OH)₂ + 2 KNO₃
- Ca(NO₃)₂ + Na₂C₂O₄ → CaC₂O₄ + 2 NaNO₃
- Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2 KI → CuI₂ + 2 KI
- Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2 KOH → Cu(OH)₂ + 2 KNO₃
- Cu(NO₃)₂ + Na₂C₂O₄ → CuC₂O₄ + 2 NaNO₃
- Ni(NO₃)₂ + 2 KOH → Ni(OH)₂ + 2 KNO₃
- Ni(NO₃)₂ + Na₂C₂O₄ → NiC₂O₄ + 2 NaNO₃
- Zn(NO₃)₂ + 2 KOH → Zn(OH)₂ + 2 KNO₃
- Zn(NO₃)₂ + Na₂C₂O₄ → ZnC₂O₄ + 2 NaNO₃
<h3>2</h3>
A double replacement reaction takes place only if it reduces in the concentration of ions in the solution. For example, the reaction between Ca(NO₃)₂ and KOH produces Ca(OH)₂. Ca(OH)₂ barely dissolves. The reaction has removed Ca²⁺ and OH⁻ ions from the solution.
Some of the reactions lead to neither precipitates nor gases. They will not take place since they are not energetically favored.
<h3>3</h3>
Compare the first and last row:
Both Ca(NO₃)₂ and Zn(NO₃)₂ react with KOH. However, between the two precipitates formed, Ca(OH)₂ is more soluble than Zn(OH)₂.
As a result, add the same amount of KOH to two Ca(NO₃)₂ and Zn(NO₃)₂ of equal concentration. The solution that end up with more precipitate shall belong to Zn(NO₃)₂.
<h3>4</h3>
Compare the second and third row:
Cu(NO₃)₂ reacts with KI, but Ni(NO₃)₂ does not. Thus, add equal amount of KI to the two unknowns. The solution that forms precipitate shall belong to Cu(NO₃)₂.
In hot water the molecules move faster versus In cold water they move slower (hope that helps)
When a solvent has as much of the dilute dissolved in it as possible, then it is saturated.
If you were to heat the water, its capacity would increase and would then be super-saturated because it has more dissolved in it than possible as room temp.
Since there is no heating being done, the water is just saturated.
Hope that helps!
Answer:
The atoms are ranked in decreasing order as follows:
Fluorine ---4
Carbon ----3
Boron ------2
Beryllium --1
Explanation:
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is defined as the difference between the actual nuclear charge (the atomic number, Z) and the shielding constant (S).
It is calculated by finding the atomic number and electronic configuration, attributing a shielding value to each electron, adding all the shielding values and using the formula:
Z eff = Z - S
Effective nuclear charges:
An atom of carbon: 3.25
An atom of fluorine: 5.20
An atom of beryllium: 1.95
An atom of boron: 2.60
