F . . . the strength of the gravitational force between two objects G . . . the universal gravitational constant for SI units: 6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg² M₁ . . . the mass of one object M₂ . . . the mass of the other object D . . . the distance between the centers of the objects
If the radius of each grapefruit is 0.08 meter and their skins are touching, then their centers are 0.16 meter apart.
The force between them is
F = G · M₁ · M₂ / D²
= (6.67 x 10⁻¹¹ N·m² / kg²) · (0.45 kg) · (0.45 kg) / (0.16 m)²
The magnitude of the flux of electric field through a square of surface area is zero.
Explanation:
It is given that square box is parallel to yz-plane which has normal vector perpendicular to plane in x-direction. Angle between normal vector of area and electric field is 90°. Substituting in (1)