When two sides of a membrane are in contact with each other, the distribution of ions will alter as a result of the binding of a signal molecule to a ligand-gated ion channel.

<h3>What is a ligand-gated ion channel?</h3>

Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are membrane proteins that are structurally integral and feature a pore that permits the controlled passage of particular ions across the plasma membrane. The electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions drives the passive ion flux.

When a chemical ligand, such as a neurotransmitter, attaches to the protein, ligand-gated ion channels open. Changes in membrane potential cause voltage channels to open and close. When a receptor physically deforms, as in the case of pressure and touch receptors, mechanically-gated channels open.

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Suppose we have two planets with the same mass, but the radius of the second one is twice the size of the first one. How does th

bogdanovich [222]

The free-fall acceleration on the second planet is one-fourth the value of the first planet.

Calculation:

Consider the mass of planet A to be, M

the mass of planet B to be, Mₓ = M

the radius of planet A to be, R₁

the radius of planet B to be, R₂

The acceleration due to gravity on planet A's surface is given as:

g = GM/R₁² - (1)

Similarly, the acceleration due to gravity on planet B's surface is given as:

g' = GM/R₂² [where, R₂ = 2R₁]

= GM/4R₁² -(2)

From equation 1 & 2, we get:

g/g' = GM/R₁² ÷ GM/4R₁²

g/g' = 4/1

Thus we get,

g' = 1/4 g

Therefore, the free-fall acceleration on the second planet is one-fourth the value of the first planet.

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