Resonance, leaving group, carbonyl carbon delta+, and steric effect is the most crucial variables that affect the relative reactivity of a functional group containing a carbonyl in an addition or substitution process.
Discussion:
1. Carbonyl Carbon Delta+: The carbonyl group becomes more electrophilic and accelerates nucleophilic assault when the carbonyl carbon delta+ is bigger.
2. Resonance: When the carbonyl is transformed into the tetrahedral adduct, it may be lost. Loss of resonance increases the energy of the transition state for this nucleophilic assault because resonance has the function of stabilizing. Therefore, a carbonyl functional group's resistance to nucleophilic attack increases as resonance in the group increases in importance.
3. Leaving group: Tetrahedral adduct fragmentation is encouraged by a better LG.
4. Steric effects: The nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon is delayed when sterically impeded.
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Answer:
[H₃O⁺] = 6.31 x 10⁻³ M.
Explanation:
- To find the hydronium ion concentration [H₃O⁺], we can use the relation:
<em>pH = - log[H₃O⁺].</em>
<em></em>
∴ 2.2 = - log[H₃O⁺].
∴ log[H₃O⁺] = - 2.2
<em>∴ [H₃O⁺] = 6.31 x 10⁻³ M.</em>
If you hit something it hurts in an equal amount that you hurt it
When a half-life passes, only half of the mass of the sample stays. So to get to 25 g from 200, let's see how much half-lives will pass.
200÷2=100
100÷2=50
50÷2=25
The answer to that is 3 half-lives, or
3 × 5730 = 17190 years
