Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if no heat flows between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat. Thermal equilibrium obeys the zeroth law of thermodynamics. A system is said to be in thermal equilibrium with itself if the temperature within the system is spatially and temporally uniform.
Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium are always in thermal equilibrium, but the converse is not always true. If the connection between the systems allows transfer of energy as heat but does not allow transfer of matter or transfer of energy as work, the two systems may reach thermal equilibrium without reaching thermodynamic equilibrium.
Answer:
Water is more dense than air. When water goes through a denser thing, the light is "bent" more towards the "normal" which is a straight, vertical line.
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Sorry I'm so late, but I just took this test and the answer is white (for people who didn't study well ;) )
Complete Question
A person throws a pumpkin at a horizontal speed of 4.0 m/s off a cliff. The pumpkin travels 9.5m horizontally before it hits the ground. We can ignore air resistance.What is the pumpkin's vertical displacement during the throw? What is the pumpkin's vertical velocity when it hits the ground?
Answer:
The pumpkin's vertical displacement is 
The pumpkin's vertical velocity when it hits the ground is 
Explanation:
From the question we are told that
The horizontal speed is 
The horizontal distance traveled is 
The horizontal distance traveled is mathematically represented as

Where t is the time taken
substituting values

=> 

Now the vertical displacement is mathematically represented as

now the vertical velocity before the throw is zero
So


Now the final vertical velocity is mathematically represented as

substituting values

