Statement #2 does not correctly compare boron to copper. B Boron is a semi metal so it can conduct electricity however metals (like Cu copper) are much better conductors of electricity.
Answer:
Joule-Thomson coefficient for an ideal gas:
![\mu_{J.T} = 0](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cmu_%7BJ.T%7D%20%3D%200)
Explanation:
Joule-Thomson coefficient can be defined as change of temperature with respect to pressure at constant enthalpy.
Thus,
![\mu_{J.T} = \left [\frac{\partial T}{\partial P} \right ]_H](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cmu_%7BJ.T%7D%20%3D%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%20%5Cright%20%5D_H)
Also,
![H= H (T,P)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=H%3D%20H%20%28T%2CP%29)
![Differentiating\ it,](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Differentiating%5C%20it%2C)
![dH= \left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial T}\right ]_P dT + \left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right ]_T dT](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=dH%3D%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20T%7D%5Cright%20%5D_P%20dT%20%2B%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_T%20dT)
Also,
is defined as:
![C_p = \left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial T}\right ]_P](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=C_p%20%3D%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20T%7D%5Cright%20%5D_P)
![So,](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=So%2C)
![dH= C_p dT + \left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right ]_T dT](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=dH%3D%20C_p%20dT%20%2B%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_T%20dT)
Acoording to defination, the ethalpy is constant which means ![dH = 0](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=dH%20%3D%200)
![So,](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=So%2C)
![\left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right ]_T = -C_p\times \left [\frac{\partial T}{\partial P}\right ]_H](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_T%20%3D%20-C_p%5Ctimes%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_H)
![Also,](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Also%2C)
![\mu_{J.T} = \left [\frac{\partial T}{\partial P}\right ]_H](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cmu_%7BJ.T%7D%20%3D%20%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20T%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_H)
![So,](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=So%2C)
![\left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right ]_T =-\mu_{J.T}\times C_p](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_T%20%3D-%5Cmu_%7BJ.T%7D%5Ctimes%20C_p)
For an ideal gas,
![\left [\frac{\partial H}{\partial P}\right ]_T = 0](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20H%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%5Cright%20%5D_T%20%3D%200)
So,
![0 =-\mu_{J.T}\times C_p](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=0%20%3D-%5Cmu_%7BJ.T%7D%5Ctimes%20C_p)
Thus,
≠0. So,
![\mu_{J.T} = 0](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%20%5Cmu_%7BJ.T%7D%20%3D%200)
B) a molecule
A molecule is formed when two atoms join together with a covalent bond.
Answer:
A sulfur ion with a charge of -2 = S⁻²
An iron ion with a charge of +3 = Fe⁺³
A chlorine ion with a charge of -3 = Cl⁻³
Explanation:
Anion:
Anion are formed when an atom gain the electrons.
Representation:
The anion of an atom is showed by adding the number of electrons gained by atom with negative sign as superscript on the symbol of an atom.
Cation:
Cation is formed when an atom lose the electron.
Representation:
The cation of an atom is showed by adding the number of electrons lose by an atom with positive sign as superscript on the symbol of an atom.
A sulfur ion with a charge of -2 = S⁻²
An iron ion with a charge of +3 = Fe⁺³
A chlorine ion with a charge of -3 = Cl⁻³
Answer:
Cr3+ is green and V2+ is purple. Cr3+ and V2+ are both d3 so there can be a lot of movement between energy levels to produce colored light. Cd2+ and Hg2+ are both d10 (full d orbital, much less electron movement).
Explanation: