The chromosome configuration that designates a person with turner syndrome is when one chromosome is deleted. Instead of 46 chromosomes, it will be 45.X. Because the second chromosome determines the sex, patients with turner syndrome are neither male or female.
Pessimism would be the term. A pessimist often focuses on the most dangerous or bad outcomes in life, letting it cloud their happiness and judgement occasionally(being a mindset/lifestyle and all).
The best test would be a BMI. Hydrostatic weighing would just find their weight and wouldn't tell the doctor anything about the specific amount of fat on the body. There is no such thing as an MRK, and the Caliper test is a personality test. I hope this helps!