The correct answer to this open question is the following.
The J.J Thomson's plum pudding model establishes that when he researched the atom, he found that electrons are positively charged. Because he observed that electrons were embedded like plums. Electrons are negative. However, compared to the modern-day atomic theory, scientist Ernest Rutherford established that the space between an atom is empty, the nucleus of the atom is positive, and negative electrons have fixed motion paths.
Answer:
Part a)

Part b)

Explanation:
As we know that magnetic flux through the loop is given as

now we have

now rate of change in flux is given as

now we know that



Now plug in all data


Part b)
Now the radius of the loop after t = 1 s



Now plug in data in above equation


Answer:
I=0.05 Amper
v=9 volts
Explanation:
I=V/R1
l=6/120=0.05Amper
voltage of 180ohm =IR2=0.05×180=9volts
Answer:
1.Oxidation - reduction reactions and proton pumping
2. Phosphorylation reactions and proton pumping
Explanation:
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from donors to acceptors, that is redox reaction.
These redox reactions release energy, which is used to form ATP. In eukaryotes, these redox reactions are carried out by protein complexes within cell's mitochondria, whereas, in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' intermembrane space. These linked sets of proteins are called electron transport chains.
Answer:
c) X-ray energy gamma Ray's energy, light energy