The transformation is kinetic energy
As the light pass through different media, it experiences a refraction. This is a phenomenon where the speed and direction of light changes. If the ray of light moves towards the normal line, the angle is decreased. So, is the speed of that light.
You just need one square but with 16 little boxes
list out all the possible combination for each set of traits
add then to the each side of the box and match them up
Kinetic Energy I’m not 100% shure tho
Straight lines is my best answer