Stage 1 : Trust VS Mistrust (birth - 18 months) - Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will lead to the development of fear. They will carry the basic sense of mistrust with them to other relationships causing anxiety, heightened insecurities and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.
Stage 2 : Autonomy VS Shame (18 months - 3 years) - If children are criticized, overly controlled or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their abilities.
Stage 3 : Initiative VS Guilt (3 - 5 years) - Too much guilt can make the child slow to interact with others and may inhibit their creativity
Stage 4 : Industry VS Inferiority (5 - 12 years) - If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding then they may develop a sense of inferiority.
Stage 5 : Identity VS Role Confusion ( 12 - 18 years) - In response to role confusion or identity crisis, an adolescent may begin to experiment with different lifestyles and pressuring them into an identity can result in rebellion in the form of establishing a negative identity and feeling of unhappiness
Stage 6 : Intimacy VS Isolation ( 18 - 40 years) - Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness sometimes depression
Stage 7 : Generativity VS Stagnation ( 40 65 years) - By failing to find a way to contribute, they become stagnant and feel unproductive. They also feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society
Stage 8 : Ego Integrity vs Despair (40 - death) - they see life as unproductive, feel guilty about their past or that they did not accomplish life goals leaving them dissatisfied and develop despair leading to depression and hopelessness.
2. Bowlby's Attachment Theory
Asocial stage or pre-attachment (first few weeks) - detachment from caregiver may result in problems with bonding and emotional investment
Indiscriminate attachment (approximately 6 weeks to 7 months) - inability to differentiate between people and failure to reserve their attachment behaviors for the people they prefer
Specific/discriminate attachment (approximately 7-9 months) - may not experience separation anxiety when primary caregiver leaves
Multiple attachment (approximately 10 months onwards). - the child is more concerned when the carer leaves for a period of time.
3. Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory
The Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Year) - the main problem is the weaning process because the child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, the individual may have issues with dependency or aggression.
The AnalStage (1 to 3 years) - Inappropriate parental responses can result in negative outcomes. If too lenient, the individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality. If too strict or begin toilet training too early, the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid and obsessive.
The Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years) - Feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father. However, the child also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings
The Latent Period (6 to Puberty) - Fixation at this stage can result in immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult
The GenitalStage (Puberty to Death) - inability to balance their most basic urges against the need to conform to the demands of reality and social norms.
4. Bandura's Social Learning Theory (Birth to 25 years)
Attention - We cannot learn if we are not focused on the task.
Retention - By not learning, we cannot internalize information in our memories and that information cannot be recalled later when we are required to respond to a situation
Reproduction - If information is not learned it cannot be reproduced
Motivation - Motivation is needed to do anything, if we are not motivated we will not get anything
5. Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD)
- The infant builds an understanding of himself or herself and reality (and how things work) through interactions with the environment.
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (AGES 2 TO 4) - The child is not yet able to conceptualize abstractly and needs concrete physical situations.
CONCRETE OPERATIONS (AGES 7 TO 11) - The child begins to think abstractly and conceptualize, creating logical structures that explain his or her physical experiences.
FORMAL OPERATIONS (AGES 11 TO 15) - The person no longer requires concrete objects to make rational judgements, they are capable of deductive and hypothetical reasoning
