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Natalka [10]
3 years ago
9

In this problem set, you will implement multidimensional scaling (MDS) from scratch. You may use standard matrix/vector librarie

s (e.g. numpy) but you must implement two dimensional MDS itself on your own and not use an existing software package. MDS attempts to find an arrangement of points such that the distances between points match human-judged similarities. To do this, we will minimize the stress, which is the squared difference between psychological and MDS distances:
Engineering
1 answer:
EleoNora [17]3 years ago
8 0

Features of Multidimensional scaling(MDS) from scratch is described below.

Explanation:

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a way to reduce the dimensionality of data to visualize it.  We basically want to project our (likely highly dimensional) data into a lower dimensional space and preserve the distances between points.  

If we have some highly complex data that we project into some lower N dimensions, we will assign each point from our data a coordinate in this lower dimensional space, and the idea is that these N dimensional coordinates are ordered based on their ability to capture variance in the data.  Since we can only visualize things in 2D, this is why it is common to assess your MDS based on plotting the first and second dimension of the output.  

If you look at the output of an MDS algorithm, which will be points in 2D or 3D space, the distances represent similarity. So very close points = very similar, and points farther away from one another = less similar.

Working of MDS

The input to the MDS algorithm is our proximity matrix.  There are  two kinds of classical MDS that we could use:  Classical (metric) MDS is for data that has metric properties, like actual distances from a map or calculated from a vector .Nonmetric MDS is for more ordinal data (such as human-provided similarity ratings) for which we can say a 1 is more similar than a 2, but there is no defined (metric) distance between the values of 1 and 2.

Uses

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a means of visualizing the level of similarity of individual cases of a dataset. MDS is used to translate "information about the pairwise 'distances' among a set of n objects or individuals" into a configuration of n points mapped into an abstract Cartesian space.

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State five applications of thermochromic materials
rusak2 [61]

Explanation:

The end-use industries of thermochromic materials include packaging, printing & coating, medical, textile, industrial, and others. Printing & coating is the fastest-growing end-use industry of thermochromic materials owing to a significant increase in the demand for thermal paper for POS systems. The use of thermochromic materials is gaining momentum for interactive packaging that encourages consumers to take a product off the shelf and use it.

8 0
3 years ago
Three identical fatigue specimens (denoted A, B, and C) are fabricated from a nonferrous alloy. Each is subjected to one of the
Law Incorporation [45]

Answer:

B A and C

Explanation:

Given:

Specimen         σ_{max}                      σ_{min}

A                       +450                      -150

B                       +300                      -300

C                       +500                      -200

Solution:

Compute the mean stress

σ_{m} =  (σ_{max}  +  σ_{min})/2

σ_{mA} =  (450 + (-150)) / 2

       =  (450 - 150) / 2  

       = 300/2

σ_{mA} = 150 MPa

σ_{mB}  = (300 + (-300))/2

        = (300 - 300) / 2

        = 0/2  

σ_{mB}  = 0 MPa

 

σ_{mC}  = (500 + (-200))/2

        = (500 - 200) / 2

        = 300/2

σ_{mC}  = 150 MPa  

Compute stress amplitude:

σ_{a} =  (σ_{max}  -  σ_{min})/2    

σ_{aA} =  (450 - (-150)) / 2

       =  (450 + 150) / 2

       = 600/2

σ_{aA} = 300 MPa

σ_{aB} =  (300- (-300)) / 2

       =  (300 + 300) / 2

       = 600/2

σ_{aB}  = 300 MPa

σ_{aC}  = (500 - (-200))/2

        = (500 + 200) / 2

        = 700 / 2

σ_{aC}   = 350 MPa

From the above results it is concluded that the longest  fatigue lifetime is of specimen B because it has the minimum mean stress.

Next, the specimen A has the fatigue lifetime which is shorter than B but longer than specimen C.

In the last comes specimen C which has the shortest fatigue lifetime because it has the higher mean stress and highest stress amplitude.

7 0
3 years ago
If a pilot-operated check valve (POC) does not check flow, you will see
Elan Coil [88]

if a pilot-operated check valve (POC) does not check flow, you will see The symptoms and symptoms of a failing swing test valve are regularly audible.

<h3>What happens when the pilot valve reaches set strain?</h3>

When the pilot valve reaches set strain it opens and releases the strain from the dome. The piston is then unfastened to open and the principle valve exhausts the machine fluid. The manage pilot opens both to the principle valve exhaust pipe or to the atmosphere.

Pilot operated test valves paintings through permitting unfastened go with the drift from the inlet port thru the opening port. Supplying a pilot strain to the pilot port permits go with the drift withinside the contrary direction. Air strain on the pinnacle of the poppet meeting opens the seal permitting air to go with the drift freely.

Read more about the pilot valve :

brainly.com/question/15565472

#SPJ1

4 0
2 years ago
7–53 Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at 800 kPa and 35°C at a rate of 0.018 kg/s and leaves at
qwelly [4]

Answer:

a. The coefficient of power = 2.6364

b. The rate of heat absorption from the outside air is 1.96368kW

Explanation:

Given

First we need to get the enthalpy of R-34a.

When T = 35°C and P = 800kPa;

h1 = 271.24kj/kg

When x2 = 0 and P = 800kPa;

h1 = 95.48kj/kg

To calculate the COP, first we need to calculate the energy balance.

This is given as

Q = m(h1 - h2)

Where m = 0.018kg

Q = 0.018(271.24 - 95.48)

Q = 3.16368Kw

COP is then calculated as Q/W

Where W = Power consumption of the compressor = 1.2kW

COP = 3.16368Kw/1.2Kw

COP = 2.6364

Hence, the coefficient of power = 2.6364

b. The rate of heat absorption from the outside air is calculated as ∆Heat Rate

∆Heat Rate = Q - W

Where Q = Energy Balance = 3.16368Kw

W = Power consumption of the compressor = 1.2kW

∆Heat Rate = 3.16368Kw - 1.2kW

∆Heat Rate = 1.96368kW

Hence, The rate of heat absorption from the outside air is 1.96368kW

6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What is the si unit of potential difference​
r-ruslan [8.4K]

Answer:

The answer is volt (V).

Explanation:

Volt is the SI unit of potential difference. The symbol of volt is V.

8 0
3 years ago
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