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Ber [7]
2 years ago
7

Components of crude oil can be separated through a process called _____.

Chemistry
1 answer:
Drupady [299]2 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Components of crude oil can be separated through a process called <u><em>fractional distillation</em></u>.

Explanation:

Fractional distillation can be described as a method of distillation in which a liquid mixture is separated based on the different boiling points of the components present in the mixture. The components of crude oil have different boiling temperatures hence, they can be separated by the process of fractional distillation.

The fractionating column has high temperatures at the bottom so components with high temperatures are separated at the bottom. The upper columns have lower temperatures. Components with lower boiling temperatures get separated at the upper columns.

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Answer the following questions about the solubility of AgCl(s). The value of Ksp for AgCl(s) is 1.8 × 10−10.
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Answer:

  • [Ag⁺] = 1.3 × 10⁻⁵M
  • s = 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M
  • Because the common ion effect.

Explanation:

<u></u>

<u>1. Value of [Ag⁺]  in a saturated solution of AgCl in distilled water.</u>

The value of [Ag⁺]  in a saturated solution of AgCl in distilled water is calculated by the dissolution reaction:

  • AgCl(s)    ⇄    Ag⁺ (aq)    +    Cl⁻ (aq)

The ICE (initial, change, equilibrium) table is:

  • AgCl(s)    ⇄    Ag⁺ (aq)    +    Cl⁻ (aq)

I            X                      0                    0

C          -s                      +s                  +s

E         X - s                   s                     s

Since s is very small, X - s is practically equal to X and is a constant, due to which the concentration of the solids do not appear in the Ksp equation.

Thus, the Ksp equation is:

  • Ksp = [Ag⁺] [Cl⁻]
  • Ksp = s × s
  • Ksp = s²

By substitution:

  • 1.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ = s²
  • s = 1.34 × 10⁻⁵M

Rounding to two significant figures:

  • [Ag⁺] = 1.3 × 10⁻⁵M ← answer

<u></u>

<u>2. Molar solubility of AgCl(s) in seawater</u>

Since, the conentration of Cl⁻ in seawater is 0.54 M you must introduce this as the initial concentration in the ECE table.

The new ICE table will be:

  • AgCl(s)    ⇄    Ag⁺ (aq)    +    Cl⁻ (aq)

I            X                      0                  0.54

C          -s                      +s                  +s

E         X - s                   s                     s + 0.54

The new equation for the Ksp equation will be:

  • Ksp = [Ag⁺] [Cl⁻]
  • Ksp = s × ( s + 0.54)
  • Ksp = s² + 0.54s

By substitution:

  • 1.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ = s² + 0.54s
  • s² + 0.54s - 1.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ = 0

Now you must solve a quadratic equation.

Use the quadratic formula:

     

     s=\dfrac{-0.54\pm\sqrt{0.54^2-4(1)(-1.8\times 10^{-10})}}{2(1)}

The positive and valid solution is s = 3.3×10⁻¹⁰ M ← answer

<u>3. Why is AgCl(s) less soluble in seawater than in distilled water.</u>

AgCl(s) is less soluble in seawater than in distilled water because there are some Cl⁻ ions is seawater which shift the equilibrium to the left.

This is known as the common ion effect.

By LeChatelier's principle, you know that an increase in the concentrations of one of the substances that participate in the equilibrium displaces the reaction to the direction that minimizes this efect.

In the case of solubility reactions, this is known as the common ion effect: when the solution contains one of the ions that is formed by the solid reactant, the reaction will proceed in less proportion, i.e. less reactant can be dissolved.

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A chemist prepares a solution of sodium chloride(NaCl) by measuring out 25.4g of sodium chloride into a 100ml volumetric flask a
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Answer: 4 molL-1

Explanation:

Detailed solution is shown in the image attached. The number of moles of NaCl is first obtained. Since the molarity must be in units of molL-1, the volume is divided by 1000 and the formula stated in the solution is applied and the answer is given to one significant figure.

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Answer:

This effect is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons and other gases in the air, many of them released by human activity. greenhouse effect The warming of Earth's atmosphere due to the buildup of heat-trapping gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Explanation:

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A solution of KMnO4 has an absorbance of 0.539 when measured in the colorimeter. Determine the concentration of the KMnO4 given
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Answer:

Concentration of unknown solution is 0.0416 M

Explanation:

As we know  

Absorbance is equal to the product of molar absorptivity of KMnO4 m, path length and concentration

From the given set of graphical data, it is clear that the absorbance vs concentration is a straight line.  

From the graph, we can obtain-  

Y = 5.73 X – 0.0065

Absorbance = 0.232

0.232 = 5.73 X – 0.0065

X = 0.0416  

Concentration of unknown solution is 0.0416 M

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2 years ago
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