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yKpoI14uk [10]
3 years ago
9

A quantum system has three states, with energies 0, 1.6 × 10-21, and 1.6 × 10-21, in Joules. It is coupled to an environment wit

h temperature 250 K. 1) What is the average internal energy?
Physics
1 answer:
xenn [34]3 years ago
3 0

To develop the problem it is necessary to apply two concepts, the first is related to the calculation of average data and the second is the Boltzmann distribution.

Boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution or probability measure that gives the probability that a system will be in a certain state as a function of that state's energy and the temperature of the system. It is given by

z = \sum\limit_i e^{-\frac{\epsilon_i}{K_0T}}

Where,

\epsilon_i = energy of that state

k = Boltzmann's constant

T = Temperature

With our values we have that

T= 250K

k = 1.381*10^{23} m^2 kg s^{-2} K^{-1}

\epsilon_1=0J

\epsilon_2=1.6*10^{-21}J

\epsilon_3=1.6*10^{-21}J

To make the calculations easier we can assume that the temperature and Boltzmann constant can be summarized as

\beta = \frac{1}{kT}

\beta = \frac{1}{(1.381*10^{23} m^2)(250)}

\beta = 2.9*10^{20}J

Therefore the average energy would be,

\bar{\epsilon} =\frac{\sum \epsilon_i e^{-\beta \epsilon_i}}{\sum e^{-\beta \epsilon_i}}

Replacing with our values we have

\bar{\epsilon} = \frac{0e^{-0}+1.6*10^{-21}*e^{-\Beta(1.6*10^{-21})}+1.6*10^{-2-1}*e^{-(2.9*10^{20})(1.6*10^{-21})}}{1+2e^{-2.9*10^{20}*1.6*10^{-21}}}

\bar{\epsilon} = 0.9*10^{-22}J

Therefore the average internal energy is \bar{\epsilon} = 0.9*10^{-22}J

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Answer:

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By considering action-reacton forces,identify why water rises up a thin capillary tube
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The forces of attraction between water molecules and the glass walls and within the molecules of water themselves are what enable the water to rise in a thin tube immersed in water.

<h3>What is force?</h3>

Force is defined as the push or pulls applied to the body. Sometimes it is used to change the shape, size, and direction of the body.

Force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. Its unit is Newton.

Surface or interfacial forces lead to capillarity. The forces of attraction between the water molecules and the glass walls and among the water molecules themselves are what causes the water in a thin tube submerged in water to rise.

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A girl rolls a ball up an incline and allows it to re- turn to her. For the angle and ball involved, the acceleration of the bal
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Answer:

3.28 m

3.28 s

Explanation:

We can adopt a system of reference with an axis along the incline, the origin being at the position of the girl and the positive X axis going up slope.

Then we know that the ball is subject to a constant acceleration of 0.25*g (2.45 m/s^2) pointing down slope. Since the acceleration is constant we can use the equation for constant acceleration:

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Then:

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And the equation for speed is:

V(t) = V0 + a * t

V(t) = 4 - 2.45 * t

If we equate this to zero we can find the moment where it stops and begins rolling down, that will be the highest point:

0 = 4 - 2.45 * t

4 = 2.45 * t

t = 1.63 s

Replacing that time on the position equation:

X(1.63) = 4 * 1.63 - 1.22 * 1.63^2 = 3.28 m

To find the time it will take to return we equate the position equation to zero:

0 = 4 * t - 1.22 * t^2

Since this is a quadratic equation it will have to answers, one will be the moment the ball was released (t = 0), the other will eb the moment when it returns:

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Iron + Hydrochloric acid --&gt; ?
marusya05 [52]
<h3>Iron - Fe</h3>

<h3>Hydrochloric Acid- HCl</h3>

<h2><u>Solution</u></h2>

\bold{Fe  +2HCl \rightarrow FeCl _{}{ \tiny2}  + H{ \tiny{2}}}

\therefore \bold{\fbox{{Balanced}}}

Iron + Hydrochloric Acid \rightarrow Ferrous Chloride + Hydrogen

<h2>Hope This Helps You ❤️</h2>
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Explanation:

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